Table 1.

Observed mean travel, perching, and handling times across birds and treatments (n = 44), and results of the ANCOVA test of individual differences in mean travel and perching times

	df	Walking		Flying		Perching between				Handling
						Flights		Walks
		F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P	F	P
Mean ± SE, s		0.6 ± 0.1		1.1 ± 0.0		1.4 ± 0.2		1.0 ± 0.2		28.3 ± 1.1
Bird	3,36	6.0	0.01	7.2	<0.01	8.0	<0.01	4.5	0.01	1.1	0.43
rf	1,36	0.5	0.51	1.4	0.25	12.3	<0.01	2.0	0.17	2.5	0.10
Bird × rf	3,36	0.9	0.46	0.5	0.70	0.6	0.63	0.4	0.73	0.4	0.73

The number of flights per foraging cycle (r_f) was defined as a covariable and the bird was defined as a random factor. To compute overall means, the time duration for each bird and treatment was defined as the median for that data set, so that each of the 44 numbers entered in the mean was a median from a sample size of between 300 and 1,500 data points.