TABLE 1.

Elasticity and shear viscosity of the cytoplasm of different types of cells.

	Average viscosity (Poise)	Average elasticity at 1 Hz (dyne/cm2)	Reference
Single-cell C. elegans embryo	10 ± 1	negligible	This work
Serum-starved Swiss3T3 fibroblast*	10 ± 3	50 ± 20	Kole et al. (14)
Serum-starved Swiss 3T3 fibroblast treated with LPA†	95 ± 20	120 ± 30	Kole et al. (14)
Serum-starved Swiss3T3 fibroblast subjected to shear flow‡	300 ± 40	600 ± 50	Lee et al. (13)
Swiss 3T3 fibroblast at the edge of a wound§	45 ± 15	330 ± 30	Kole et al. (12)
Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF)¶	18 ± 2	140 ± 30	J. S. H. Lee, P. Panorchan, and D. Wirtz, unpublished
HUVEC‖	17 ± 1	130 ± 10	J. S. H. Lee, P. Panorchan, and D. Wirtz, unpublished

All reported viscosity and elasticity were obtained by particle tracking microrheology. All measurements are mean ± SE. Unit conversions are 1 dyne/cm² = 0.1 Pa = 0.1 N/m² = 0.1 pN/μm². Pa, Pascal; pN, piconewton.

^*Cells placed on fibronectin deposited on glass were serum starved for 48 h before measurements.

^†Serum-starved cells placed on fibronectin deposited on glass were treated with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which was applied 15 min before measurements.

^‡Cells were grown on fibronectin and exposed for 40 min to shear flow before measurements.

^§Cells in complete medium and grown on fibronectin to confluence were wounded to induce migration.

^¶Cells in complete medium and plated on glass.

^‖Cells in complete medium and plated on a peptide hydrogel.