Table 2.
Clinical Performance of Selected, Promising Serologic Prostate Cancer Biomarkers
| Aid to | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosis/ | Pathologic | Predicting | Distant | Follow-up/ | Selection for | |||
| Future | Case- | Staging/ | PSA | Metastasis | Monitoring | Targeted | ||
| Biomarker | Risk | Screening | Finding | Prognosis* | Recurrence | Staging | Therapy | Therapy† |
| PSA | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Free PSA | - | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | - |
| Complexed PSA | - | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | - | - |
| hK2 | - | - | Yes | Yes | - | - | - | - |
| BPSA | - | No | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| ProPSA | - | No | Yes | Yes | - | - | - | - |
| isoforms | ||||||||
| IGF-I | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | - |
| IGFBP-2 | - | - | Yes | Yes; not | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| lymph nodes | ||||||||
| IGFBP-3 | Controversial | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| TGF-β1 | - | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| IL-6 | - | No | No | Only | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| lymph nodes | ||||||||
| IL-6sR | - | No | No | Only | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| lymph nodes | ||||||||
| uPA | - | No | Yes | Yes; not | Yes | Yes | - | - |
| lymph nodes | ||||||||
| uPAR | - | No | Yes | Yes; not | Yes | Yes | - | - |
| lymph nodes | ||||||||
| VEGF | - | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | - | - |
| Osteoprotegerin | - | No | No | - | - | Yes | - | - |
| RT-PCR/PSA | - | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | - |
| RT-PCR/hK2 | - | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | - | - |
Including metastases to regional pelvic lymph nodes.
In experimental prostate cancer models; no published results from phase 3 human clinical trials.
No, not useful; Yes, useful; –, application is not considered and/or association has not been investigated; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; hK2, human glandular kallikrein 2; BPSA, “benign” PSA; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IGFBP, insulin-like growth factor binding protein; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β1; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-6sR, interleukin-6 soluble receptor; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator; uPAR, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.