Table 2.
Association of All-Cause Mortality With Baseline Ocular and Treatment Characteristics
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | Deaths, No. (%) | Mortality, %* | RR (95% CI)† | RR(95%CI)‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMD Category | |||||
| 1 | 1116 | 86 (7.7) | 6.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 1060 | 96(9.1) | 7.3 | 1.11 (0.83–1.49) | 1.09 (0.81–1.46) |
| 3 | 1620 | 176(10.9) | 9.3 | 1.22 (0.94–1.58) | 1.10 (0.85–1.43) |
| 4 | 957 | 176(18.4) | 14.7 | 1.80(1.38–2.34) | 1.41 (1.08–1.86) |
| Visual acuity | |||||
| ≥20/40 OU | 3940 | 376 (9.5) | 7.9 | 1.00 | 1,00 |
| <20/40 in 1 eye | 813 | 158(19.4) | 15.6 | 1.65 (1.36–2.00) | 1.36 (1.12–1.65) |
| Nuclear opacity§ | |||||
| Grade <4 in available eye(s) | 4001 | 403(10.1) | 8.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Grade ≥4 in at least 1 eye | 617 | 107(17.3) | 15.2 | 1.45 (1.16–1.81) | 1.40 (1.12–1.75) |
| Cortical opacity§ | |||||
| ≤5% in available eye(s) | 4090 | 431(10.5) | 8.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >5% in at least 1 eye | 524 | 78(14.9) | 13.6 | 1.26 (0.98–1.61) | 1.18 (0.92–1.51) |
| PSC opacity§ | |||||
| ≤5% in available eye(s) | 4503 | 490(10.9) | 8.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >5% in atleast 1 eye | 111 | 19(17.1) | 16.9 | 1.40 (0.86–2.27) | 1.33 (0.82–2.18) |
| Cataract surgery | |||||
| No | 4465 | 475(10.6) | 8.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 288 | 59(20.5) | 19.5 | 1.66 (1.26–2.19) | 1.55 (1.18–2.05) |
| AREDS treatment|| | |||||
| Antioxidant main effect | |||||
| No antioxidants | 1806 | 211(11.7) | 9.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Antioxidants | 1831 | 237(12.9) | 10.1 | 1.15 (0.96–1.39) | 1.17 (0.97–1.41) |
| Zinc main effect | |||||
| No zinc | 1847 | 257(13.9) | 10.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Zinc | 1790 | 191 (10.7) | 8.9 | 0.76 (0.63–0.92) | 0.73 (0.61–0.89) |
| Individual treatment groups | |||||
| Placebo | 903 | 117(13.0) | 10.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Antioxidants alone | 944 | 140(14.8) | 10.8 | 1.19 (0.93–1.52) | 1.15 (0.90–1.48) |
| Zinc alone | 903 | 94(10.4) | 8.5 | 0.79 (0.60–1.03) | 0.72 (0.55–0.95) |
| Antioxidants plus zinc | 887 | 97(10.9) | 9.2 | 0.88 (0.67–1.15) | 0.86 (0.65–1.12) |
Abbreviations: AMD, age-related macular degeneration; AREDS, Age-Related Eye Disease Study; CI, confidence interval; PSC, posterior subcapsular; RR, relative risk.
*
Age- and sex-adjusted mortality for median follow-up (6.5 years).
†
Age- and sex-adjusted risk ratios.
‡
Adjusted for statistically significant covariates: age, sex, race, education, smoking status, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, angina, cancer, and hypertension.
§
There were 135 participants without slitlamp photographs and 139 participants without retroillumination photographs.
||
Includes 3637 AMD Category 2,3, and 4 participants only.