Abstract
With the current rapid pace at which human disease genes are identified there is a need for practical, cost-efficient genetic screening tests. Two-dimensional electrophoretic separation of PCR-amplified gene fragments on the basis of size and base pair sequence, in non-denaturing and denaturing gradient polyacrylamide gels respectively, provides a rapid parallel approach to gene mutational scanning. Accuracy of the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) component of this system strongly depends on the design of the PCR primers and the melting characteristics of the fragments they encompass. We have developed a fully automated generally applicable procedure to generate optimal two-dimensional test designs at a minimum amount of time and effort. Designs were generated for the RB1 , TP53 , MLH1 and BRCA1 genes that can be readily implemented in research and clinical laboratories as low cost genetic screening tests.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (568.5 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Abrams E. S., Murdaugh S. E., Lerman L. S. Comprehensive detection of single base changes in human genomic DNA using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and a GC clamp. Genomics. 1990 Aug;7(4):463–475. doi: 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90188-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chee M., Yang R., Hubbell E., Berno A., Huang X. C., Stern D., Winkler J., Lockhart D. J., Morris M. S., Fodor S. P. Accessing genetic information with high-density DNA arrays. Science. 1996 Oct 25;274(5287):610–614. doi: 10.1126/science.274.5287.610. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cotton R. G., Rodrigues N. R., Campbell R. D. Reactivity of cytosine and thymine in single-base-pair mismatches with hydroxylamine and osmium tetroxide and its application to the study of mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jun;85(12):4397–4401. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.12.4397. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drews J. Genomic sciences and the medicine of tomorrow. Nat Biotechnol. 1996 Nov;14(11):1516–1518. doi: 10.1038/nbt1196-1516. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eng C., Vijg J. Genetic testing: the problems and the promise. Nat Biotechnol. 1997 May;15(5):422–426. doi: 10.1038/nbt0597-422. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fischer S. G., Lerman L. S. DNA fragments differing by single base-pair substitutions are separated in denaturing gradient gels: correspondence with melting theory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Mar;80(6):1579–1583. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.6.1579. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Guldberg P., Henriksen K. F., Güttler F. Molecular analysis of phenylketonuria in Denmark: 99% of the mutations detected by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Genomics. 1993 Jul;17(1):141–146. doi: 10.1006/geno.1993.1295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kolodner R. D., Hall N. R., Lipford J., Kane M. F., Morrison P. T., Finan P. J., Burn J., Chapman P., Earabino C., Merchant E. Structure of the human MLH1 locus and analysis of a large hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma kindred for mlh1 mutations. Cancer Res. 1995 Jan 15;55(2):242–248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lerman L. S., Silverstein K. Computational simulation of DNA melting and its application to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Methods Enzymol. 1987;155:482–501. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)55032-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Li D., Vijg J. Multiplex co-amplification of 24 retinoblastoma gene exons after pre-amplification by long-distance PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 1996 Feb 1;24(3):538–539. doi: 10.1093/nar/24.3.538. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lipshutz R. J., Morris D., Chee M., Hubbell E., Kozal M. J., Shah N., Shen N., Yang R., Fodor S. P. Using oligonucleotide probe arrays to access genetic diversity. Biotechniques. 1995 Sep;19(3):442–447. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Liu Q., Sommer S. S. Restriction endonuclease fingerprinting (REF): a sensitive method for screening mutations in long, contiguous segments of DNA. Biotechniques. 1995 Mar;18(3):470–477. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mashal R. D., Koontz J., Sklar J. Detection of mutations by cleavage of DNA heteroduplexes with bacteriophage resolvases. Nat Genet. 1995 Feb;9(2):177–183. doi: 10.1038/ng0295-177. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moyret C., Theillet C., Puig P. L., Molés J. P., Thomas G., Hamelin R. Relative efficiency of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and single strand conformation polymorphism in the detection of mutations in exons 5 to 8 of the p53 gene. Oncogene. 1994 Jun;9(6):1739–1743. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Myers R. M., Fischer S. G., Lerman L. S., Maniatis T. Nearly all single base substitutions in DNA fragments joined to a GC-clamp can be detected by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 May 10;13(9):3131–3145. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.9.3131. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nyström-Lahti M., Wu Y., Moisio A. L., Hofstra R. M., Osinga J., Mecklin J. P., Järvinen H. J., Leisti J., Buys C. H., de la Chapelle A. DNA mismatch repair gene mutations in 55 kindreds with verified or putative hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Hum Mol Genet. 1996 Jun;5(6):763–769. doi: 10.1093/hmg/5.6.763. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Orita M., Iwahana H., Kanazawa H., Hayashi K., Sekiya T. Detection of polymorphisms of human DNA by gel electrophoresis as single-strand conformation polymorphisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Apr;86(8):2766–2770. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.8.2766. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sankoff D., Ferretti V. Karyotype distributions in a stochastic model of reciprocal translocation. Genome Res. 1996 Jan;6(1):1–9. doi: 10.1101/gr.6.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sasaki S., Tokino T., Miyatsu T., Muto T., Nakamura Y. Mutational analysis of the hMLH1 gene using an automated two-dimensional DNA typing system. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(2):164–171. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)9:2<164::AID-HUMU9>3.0.CO;2-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sheffield V. C., Beck J. S., Kwitek A. E., Sandstrom D. W., Stone E. M. The sensitivity of single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for the detection of single base substitutions. Genomics. 1993 May;16(2):325–332. doi: 10.1006/geno.1993.1193. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sheffield V. C., Cox D. R., Lerman L. S., Myers R. M. Attachment of a 40-base-pair G + C-rich sequence (GC-clamp) to genomic DNA fragments by the polymerase chain reaction results in improved detection of single-base changes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jan;86(1):232–236. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.1.232. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Toguchida J., McGee T. L., Paterson J. C., Eagle J. R., Tucker S., Yandell D. W., Dryja T. P. Complete genomic sequence of the human retinoblastoma susceptibility gene. Genomics. 1993 Sep;17(3):535–543. doi: 10.1006/geno.1993.1368. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Van Orsouw N. J., Li D., van der Vlies P., Scheffer H., Eng C., Buys C. H., Li F. P., Vijg J. Mutational scanning of large genes by extensive PCR multiplexing and two-dimensional electrophoresis: application to the RB1 gene. Hum Mol Genet. 1996 Jun;5(6):755–761. doi: 10.1093/hmg/5.6.755. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wu Y., Hofstra R. M., Scheffer H., Uitterlinden A. G., Mullaart E., Buys C. H., Vijg J. Comprehensive and accurate mutation scanning of the CFTR gene by two-dimensional DNA electrophoresis. Hum Mutat. 1996;8(2):160–167. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1996)8:2<160::AID-HUMU8>3.0.CO;2-F. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wu Y., Nyström-Lahti M., Osinga J., Looman M. W., Peltomäki P., Aaltonen L. A., de la Chapelle A., Hofstra R. M., Buys C. H. MSH2 and MLH1 mutations in sporadic replication error-positive colorectal carcinoma as assessed by two-dimensional DNA electrophoresis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1997 Apr;18(4):269–278. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Youil R., Kemper B. W., Cotton R. G. Screening for mutations by enzyme mismatch cleavage with T4 endonuclease VII. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jan 3;92(1):87–91. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.1.87. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
