Table 2.

Drug Classifications and Side Effects Contributing to Urinary Incontinence (UI)

Drug Class	Side Effects
Alcohol	Polyuria, frequency, urgency, sedation,
	delirium
α-agonists, eg, nonprescription	Urinary retention
cold medicines
α-blockers	Urethral relaxation
ACE inhibitors, type I	Diuresis, cough with relaxation of pelvic
	floor
Anticholinergic agents	Urinary retention, overflow UI, stool
	impaction
Antidepressants	Anticholinergic action, sedation
Antiparkinsonism medicines	Urinary urgency; constipation
Antipsychotics	Anticholinergic actions, sedation, rigidity
β-agonists	Urinary retention
Caffeine	Aggravation or precipitation of UI
Calcium-channel blockers	Urinary retention
Diuretics	Polyuria, frequency, urgency
Sedatives/hypnotics	Sedation, delirium, immobility

ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme.