Table 4.
Risk Factors for Erectile Dysfunction
| Medical | Nonmedical |
|---|---|
| Age83,84 | Occupation (blue vs white collar)85 |
| Cardiovascular disease84,86 | Education (low vs high)85 |
| Hypertension24,84,87,88 | Marital or relationship difficulties |
| Diabetes17,18,84,88–90 | Level of physical activity |
| Dylipidemia84,91,92 | Anxiety |
| Neurological (stroke, multiple sclerosis, | Stress85 |
| spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, | |
| spina bifida)37,38,93,94 | |
| Surgery (vascular, colorectal, prostate)95–97 | Personality types98 |
| Prostate cancer & treatment | |
| (external beam, interstitial seeds, | |
| or radical surgery)57,60,99–103 | |
| Renal failure1104 | |
| Depression105 | |
| Medication24,106 | |
| Smoking107–109 | |
| Obesity109,110 | |
| Nonprostate cancer and radiation | |
| therapy or chemotherapy111–113 | |
| Hormonal70,114 |