Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Nucleic Acids Research logoLink to Nucleic Acids Research
. 1998 Jun 1;26(11):2761–2770. doi: 10.1093/nar/26.11.2761

Novel salivary gland specific binding elements located in the PSP proximal enhancer core.

P Svendsen 1, J Laursen 1, H Krogh-Pedersen 1, J P Hjorth 1
PMCID: PMC147626  PMID: 9592166

Abstract

The murine parotid secretory protein (PSP) gene is expressed selectively at high levels in parotid and sublingual salivary glands. Previously, the transcriptional activity of a PSP mini-gene, called Lama, was shown to be dependent on a 1.5 kb region located 3 kb upstream of the transcription start site. Here, functional studies in transgenic mice demonstrate that this proximal regulatory region has properties of a parotid and sublingual gland specific enhancer. Protein-binding experiments identify multiple sequence-specific binding complexes spanning the entire 1.5 kb enhancer region. Several sequence elements bound specifically by parotid and/or sublingual gland nuclear extracts, including consensus binding elements for previously described transcription factors as well as novel binding elements are located in the proximal enhancer region. A deletion analysis of the enhancer region in transgenic mice identified a core sequence of 700 bp. This region contains five elements bound specifically by nuclear proteins isolated from the PSP-expressing parotid and sublingual glands. Two of these elements, denoted parotid gland element I (PGE I) and sublingual gland element I (SLE I), are novel salivary gland specific binding elements, bound uniquely by parotid and sublingual gland nuclear extracts, respectively.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (831.1 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Chomczynski P., Sacchi N. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem. 1987 Apr;162(1):156–159. doi: 10.1006/abio.1987.9999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ghazal P., Lubon H., Fleckenstein B., Hennighausen L. Binding of transcription factors and creation of a large nucleoprotein complex on the human cytomegalovirus enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jun;84(11):3658–3662. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.11.3658. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Gorski K., Carneiro M., Schibler U. Tissue-specific in vitro transcription from the mouse albumin promoter. Cell. 1986 Dec 5;47(5):767–776. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90519-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Gumucio D. L., Wiebauer K., Caldwell R. M., Samuelson L. C., Meisler M. H. Concerted evolution of human amylase genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Mar;8(3):1197–1205. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.3.1197. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Klemsz M. J., McKercher S. R., Celada A., Van Beveren C., Maki R. A. The macrophage and B cell-specific transcription factor PU.1 is related to the ets oncogene. Cell. 1990 Apr 6;61(1):113–124. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90219-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Larsen H. J., Brodersen C. H., Hjorth J. P. High-level salivary gland expression in transgenic mice. Transgenic Res. 1994 Sep;3(5):311–316. doi: 10.1007/BF01973591. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Laursen J., Hjorth J. P. A cassette for high-level expression in the mouse salivary glands. Gene. 1997 Oct 1;198(1-2):367–372. doi: 10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00339-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Lin H. H., Ann D. K. Identification of cis- and trans-acting factors regulating the expression of rat salivary-specific RP4 gene. Gene Expr. 1992;2(4):365–377. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Lin H. H., Li W. Y., Ann D. K. The helix-loop-helix proteins (salivary-specific cAMP response element-binding proteins) can modulate cAMP-inducible RP4 gene expression in salivary cells. J Biol Chem. 1993 May 15;268(14):10214–10220. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Maden B. E., Dent C. L., Farrell T. E., Garde J., McCallum F. S., Wakeman J. A. Clones of human ribosomal DNA containing the complete 18 S-rRNA and 28 S-rRNA genes. Characterization, a detailed map of the human ribosomal transcription unit and diversity among clones. Biochem J. 1987 Sep 1;246(2):519–527. doi: 10.1042/bj2460519. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Madsen H. O., Hjorth J. P. Molecular cloning of mouse PSP mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Jan 11;13(1):1–13. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Mikkelsen T. R., Brandt J., Larsen H. J., Larsen B. B., Poulsen K., Ingerslev J., Din N., Hjorth J. P. Tissue-specific expression in the salivary glands of transgenic mice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 May 11;20(9):2249–2255. doi: 10.1093/nar/20.9.2249. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Muro A. F., Pesce C. G., Kornblihtt A. R. DNA sequencing by the chemical method: a 10 minute procedure for the G+A reaction. Trends Genet. 1993 Oct;9(10):337–338. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(93)90025-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Poulsen K., Jakobsen B. K., Mikkelsen B. M., Harmark K., Nielsen J. T., Hjorth J. P. Coordination of murine parotid secretory protein and salivary amylase expression. EMBO J. 1986 Aug;5(8):1891–1896. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04441.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Redman R. S., Sreebny L. M. Morphologic and biochemical observations on the development of the rat parotid gland. Dev Biol. 1971 Jun;25(2):248–279. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(71)90030-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Rørth P., Nerlov C., Blasi F., Johnsen M. Transcription factor PEA3 participates in the induction of urokinase plasminogen activator transcription in murine keratinocytes stimulated with epidermal growth factor or phorbol-ester. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Sep 11;18(17):5009–5017. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.17.5009. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Samuelson L. C. Transgenic approaches to salivary gland research. Annu Rev Physiol. 1996;58:209–229. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ph.58.030196.001233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Schibler U., Hagenbüchle O., Wellauer P. K., Pittet A. C. Two promoters of different strengths control the transcription of the mouse alpha-amylase gene Amy-1a in the parotid gland and the liver. Cell. 1983 Jun;33(2):501–508. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90431-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Shaw P., Schibler U. Structure and expression of the parotid secretory protein gene of mouse. J Mol Biol. 1986 Dec 5;192(3):567–576. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90277-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Staudt L. M., Lenardo M. J. Immunoglobulin gene transcription. Annu Rev Immunol. 1991;9:373–398. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.09.040191.002105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Ting C. N., Rosenberg M. P., Snow C. M., Samuelson L. C., Meisler M. H. Endogenous retroviral sequences are required for tissue-specific expression of a human salivary amylase gene. Genes Dev. 1992 Aug;6(8):1457–1465. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.8.1457. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Wingender E., Dietze P., Karas H., Knüppel R. TRANSFAC: a database on transcription factors and their DNA binding sites. Nucleic Acids Res. 1996 Jan 1;24(1):238–241. doi: 10.1093/nar/24.1.238. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Nucleic Acids Research are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES