Figure 1.

Activation of epithelial cell NF-κB by T. cruzi. (A) Mv1Lu cells incubated 1 h with RPMI and 1%BSA, 10 ng/ml recombinant human TNF-α (R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN), Silvio strain trypomastigotes (1 × 10⁷/ml), or parasite conditioned medium and stained with anti-p65 antibodies. (B) Mv1Lu cells exposed to different concentrations of trypomastigotes and stained for p65 as above. At least 200 cells were counted per well. Each point represents the mean of triplicate assays ± SEM. (C) DNA binding in nuclear extracts from Mv1Lu incubated for 1 h with RPMI and 1% BSA with (+) or without (−) trypomastigotes. (D) Luciferase activity in Mv1Lu cells transiently transfected with pBIIXluc, exposed to different concentrations of trypomastigotes. Each point represents the mean of triplicate assays ± SEM.