Table 4.
Personality variables and incident stroke (morbidity and mortality) in the Heidelberg cohort (4267 participants)*
|
Personality scale
|
Person years (n=33 247)
|
No of events (n=62)
|
Incidence/100 000 person years (186 overall)
|
Relative risk (95% CI)†
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted for age and sex | Fully adjusted† | ||||
| Symptoms of depression | ||||||
| Low | 10 329 | 12 | 116 | 0.73 (0.35 to 1.51) | 0.79 (0.38 to 1.65) | 0.91 (0.43 to 1.94) |
| Medium | 11 322 | 18 | 159 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 11 522 | 32 | 278 | 1.74 (0.98 to 3.10) | 1.68 (0.94 to 3.02) | 1.53 (0.83 to 2.80) |
| 1 SD increase | — | — | — | 1.26 (1.02 to 1.55) | 1.26 (1.01 to 1.58) | 1.13 (0.88 to 1.46) |
| Anger control | ||||||
| Low | 9 665 | 14 | 145 | 0.78 (0.40 to 1.52) | 0.91 (0.47 to 1.76) | 0.87 (0.44 to 1.75) |
| Medium | 12 298 | 23 | 187 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 11 213 | 25 | 223 | 1.19 (0.68 to 2.10) | 1.04 (0.59 to 1.84) | 1.15 (0.64 to 2.07) |
| 1 SD increase | — | — | — | 1.14 (0.88 to 1.46) | 1.01 (0.78 to 1.30) | 1.04 (0.80 to 1.36) |
| Time urgency | ||||||
| Low | 11 718 | 16 | 137 | 0.84 (0.42 to 1.66) | 0.84 (0.42 to 1.67) | 0.76 (0.38 to 1.54) |
| Medium | 10 404 | 17 | 163 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 11 125 | 29 | 261 | 1.60 (0.88 to 2.91) | 1.45 (0.80 to 2.65) | 1.28 (0.69 to 2.36) |
| 1 SD increase | — | — | — | 1.24 (0.97 to 1.59) | 1.19 (0.93 to 1.53) | 1.15 (0.89 to 1.48) |
| Internal locus of control over disease | ||||||
| Low | 10 328 | 17 | 165 | 0.77 (0.41 to 1.43) | 0.79 (0.42 to 1.47) | 0.79 (0.42 to 1.49) |
| Medium | 11 126 | 24 | 216 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 11 794 | 21 | 178 | 0.82 (0.46 to 1.48) | 0.79 (0.44 to 1.42) | 0.65 (0.35 to 1.21) |
| 1 SD increase | — | — | — | 1.14 (0.89 to 1.47) | 1.11 (0.86 to 1.43) | 1.01 (0.78 to 1.30) |
| Psychoticism | ||||||
| Low | 7 111 | 14 | 197 | 1.01 (0.54 to 1.89) | 1.18 (0.63 to 2.21) | 1.20 (0.64 to 2.27) |
| Medium | 17 543 | 34 | 194 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| High | 8 525 | 14 | 164 | 0.85 (0.46 to 1.58) | 0.83 (0.45 to 1.55) | 0.70 (0.36 to 1.36) |
| 1 SD increase | — | — | — | 0.94 (0.72 to 1.25) | 0.89 (0.67 to 1.20) | 0.81 (0.58 to 1.12) |
64 participants had stroke at baseline; 274 participants lacked information on incident stroke during follow-up; 62 incident cases of stroke (no deaths) occurred.
Incidence rate ratios and their 95% confidence intervals from Cox proportional hazards model controlling for all variables in table 1: age (continuous), sex, body mass index (3 categories), smoking status (never, former, current), alcohol consumption (4 categories), exercise (4 categories), comorbidity (history of stroke, cancer, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes), family history of stroke, and education (4 categories). Fully adjusted models based on 3741 participants for anger control, 3746 for time urgency, 3746 for internal locus of control over disease, 3739 for psychoticism, and 3738 for symptoms of depression, and 59 events owing to missing information on covariates.