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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2006 Jun 15.
Published in final edited form as: J Biomech Eng. 2005 Feb;127(1):15–24. doi: 10.1115/1.1835348

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

(A) Representative force and displacement data for a single displacement controlled ramp-hold trial to 50% ramp strain. The capsule was preloaded (FP) to eliminate slack. The capsule was stretched, and the “viscous” uniaxial engineering stress was calculated as (FV− FP/A, where A was the measured cross-sectional area. The “elastic” stress ((FE− FP)/A) was calculated as the average from the last 5 s of a 300 s hold at peak displacement. (B) Representative force and displacement data for a single displacement controlled dynamic trial at 0.2 Hz to 50% strain. Specimens were dynamically loaded using twenty haversine cycles to 10%–50% strain in 10% increments at 0.2, 1, and 2 Hz. Uniaxial engineering stress was calculated from the mean load from the peaks of the last ten cycles.