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Structures of NAD+ and competitive PARP-1 inhibitors. An aromatic ring-linked carboxamide group (circled) or carbamoyl group built in a polyaromatic heterocyclic skeleton is shared by the natural PARP-1 substrate NAD+, the competitive PARP-1 inhibitors nicotinamide, DPQ, and PJ34, and the tetracycline derivatives. Nicotinic acid is not a PARP-1 inhibitor and differs from nicotinamide by the lack of the amide group.
