Table 2.
Associations between exposure and bone-related variables (Spearman rank correlation coefficients).
| Blood cadmium | Urinary cadmium | Blood lead | Menarche | Pack-years of smoking | Alcohol | Weight | BMD | PTH | Osteocalcin | bALP | U-DPD | Urinary calcium | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.09* | −0.07† | −0.15** | 0.06† | −0.18** | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.08* | −0.02 | −0.04 |
| Menarche | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.08* | ||||||||||
| Pack-years of smoking | 0.57** | 0.41** | 0.19** | 0 | |||||||||
| Alcohol | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.36** | 0.02 | 0.10* | ||||||||
| Weight | −0.11* | −0.15** | −0.07† | −0.12** | −0.07* | −0.08* | |||||||
| BMD | −0.08* | −0.12** | −0.07† | −0.07* | −0.04 | 0.01 | 0.35** | ||||||
| PTH | −0.10* | −0.17** | −0.06 | NR | −0.10* | −0.12** | 0.11* | 0 | |||||
| Osteocalcin | −0.03 | 0.05 | 0.23** | NR | −0.08* | −0.13** | −0.08* | −0.24** | 0.17** | ||||
| bALP | 0.02 | 0.08* | 0.17** | NR | 0.05 | −0.09* | 0.09* | −0.20** | 0.16** | 0.56** | |||
| U-DPD | 0.07† | 0.27** | 0.11* | NR | 0.04 | −0.07* | 0.05 | −0.05 | −0.06 | 0.25** | 0.23** | ||
| Urinary calcium | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.12* | NR | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.03 | −0.12** | −0.11* | 0.17** | 0.16** | 0.02 |
NR, not relevant.
†
0.05 < p ≤ 0.10.
*
0.001 < p ≤ 0.05.
**
p ≤ 0.001.