Table 3.

Multiple linear regression models between bone-related markers and either urinary or blood cadmium.

	Urinary cadmium			Blood cadmium
Dependent/independent variable	β	95% CI	R2	β	95% CI	R2
BMD (g/cm2)
Cadmium (μg/L)a	−0.011	−0.022 to −0.0002	0.24	−0.002	−0.009 to 0.006	0.22
Weight (kg)	0.002	0.002 to 0.002		0.002	0.002 to 0.003
Age (years)	−0.004	−0.006 to −0.003		−0.004	−0.006 to −0.003
Menopauseb		p < 0.001			p < 0.001
Seasonb		p = 0.018			NS
Menarche		NS			NS
PTH (ng/L)
Cadmium (μg/L)a	−4.3	−7.1 to −1.5	0.10	−2.2	−4.0 to −0.37	0.09
Weight (kg)	0.14	0.06 to 0.22		0.15	0.07 to 0.23
Alcohol (g/week)	−0.03	−0.05 to −0.01		−0.03	−0.05 to −0.006
Seasonb		p < 0.001			p < 0.001
Pack-years		NS			NS
bALP (μg/L)
Cadmium (μg/L)a	0.95	−0.04 to 1.9	0.14
Menopauseb		p < 0.001
Alcohol (g/week)		NS
Weight (kg)		NS
Age		NS
U-DPD (nmol/L)
Cadmium (μg/L)a,*	17	14 to 21	0.12	1.8	−0.7 to 4.4	0.03
Menopauseb		p < 0.001			p < 0.001
Seasonb		NS			NS
Alcohol (g/week)		NS			NS

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NS, not significant; R², explained adjusted variance for the total model.

^aAdjusted to the mean urinary density.

^bThree categories for menopause (HRT, premenopause, and postmenopause) and three categories for season (summer, fall, and winter) were included in the models as fixed factors (β not estimated).

^*Significant interactions: urinary cadmium and menopause (p = 0.022).