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. 2006 Jul 3;116(7):1776–1783. doi: 10.1172/JCI29044

Figure 1. Structure and regulation of AMPK.

Figure 1

AMPK is a heterotrimeric complex consisting of an α, a β, and a γ subunit and is activated by the upstream kinases CaMKK and LKB1 via phosphorylation of threonine residue 172. Activation of AMPK by CaMKK and LKB1 is dependent on the intracellular calcium and AMP/ATP ratio, respectively. Generally, AMPK restores energy balance by activating processes that produce energy (e.g., lipid oxidation and glucose uptake) while inhibiting those that consume energy (e.g., protein synthesis).