TABLE 1—
Baseline Sample Characteristics and Hip Fracture Odds Ratios: Asset and Health Dynamics Survey, 1993–1995
| Sample Weighted % | No. of Respondents | No. of Hip Fractures | Adjusted Odds Ratioa (95% Confidence Interval) | |
| Age, y | ||||
| 70–74 | 58.9 | 2276 | 16 | Reference |
| ≥ 75 | 41.1 | 3363 | 86 | 3.2 (1.79, 5.84) |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 64.9 | 3537 | 79 | 1.9 (1.10, 3.15) |
| Male | 2093 | 23 | Reference | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| African American | 9.3 | 723 | 5 | 0.3 (0.12, 0.83) |
| Hispanic | 3.5 | 282 | 4 | 0.8 (0.30, 2.39) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 87.2 | 4625 | 93 | Reference |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 50.5 | 2858 | 31 | Reference |
| Widowed | 41.2 | 2281 | 64 | 1.7 (1.02, 2.86) |
| Never married | 5.2 | 167 | 4 | 1.4 (0.47, 4.46) |
| Health characteristics | ||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||
| ≤ 23.4 | 32.1 | 1750 | 45 | 1.3 (0.77, 2.15) |
| 23.5–26.6 | 33.8 | 1911 | 30 | Reference |
| ≥ 26.7 | 33.3 | 1921 | 26 | 1.1 (0.64, 1.98) |
| Fall within previous 12 mo | 24.2 | 1362 | 43 | 1.8 (1.17, 2.77) |
| Previous hip fracture | 4.2 | 233 | 19 | 3.3 (1.78, 5.97) |
| Comorbid condition | ||||
| Arthritis | 25.1 | 1429 | 30 | 1.1 (0.68, 1.72) |
| Blindness | 0.8 | 42 | 4 | 2.6 (0.81, 8.30) |
| Cataracts | 27.3 | 1527 | 47 | 1.5 (0.93, 2.40) |
| Depressive symptoms | 6.0 | 349 | 12 | 1.7 (0.88, 3.29) |
| Hypertension/high blood pressure | 49.6 | 2754 | 52 | 0.9 (0.59, 1.37) |
| Incontinence | 19.1 | 1034 | 22 | 0.9 (0.56, 1.53) |
| Hip replacement | 3.7 | 187 | 7 | 0.5 (0.18, 1.24) |
| Osteoporosis | 1.4 | 71 | 4 | 1.9 (0.64, 5.90) |
| Pain | 31.3 | 1749 | 42 | 1.1 (0.70, 1.69) |
| Paralysis | 0.2 | 7 | 2 | 9.5 (1.45, 62.21) |
| Stroke | 6.5 | 364 | 10 | 1.4 (0.69, 2.88) |
| Transient ischemic infarction | 1.8 | 96 | 3 | 1.8 (0.50, 6.55) |
| Difficulties with ADLsb | ||||
| Walking across a room | 18.8 | 1109 | 47 | 2.6 (1.62, 4.16) |
| Getting dressed | 8.9 | 519 | 22 | 1.9 (1.10, 3.17) |
| Bathing | 8.0 | 465 | 25 | 2.9 (1.69, 5.03) |
| Eating | 2.7 | 151 | 8 | 2.2 (0.90, 5.26) |
| Getting in and out of bed | 5.9 | 358 | 16 | 2.0 (1.04, 3.71) |
| Using the toilet | 2.4 | 139 | 4 | 1.3 (0.40, 4.03) |
| Any ADLs | 24.2 | 1405 | 55 | 2.6*** (1.67, 4.11) |
| Difficulty with instrumental ADLs | ||||
| Shopping for groceries | 12.1 | 714 | 31 | 1.9 (1.12, 3.08) |
| Preparing a meal | 4.64 | 284 | 16 | 2.1 (1.08, 3.99) |
| Using the telephone | 2.1 | 134 | 5 | 1.4 (0.51, 3.97) |
| Managing household finances | 12.0 | 703 | 24 | 1.7 (0.97, 2.89) |
| Taking medication | 1.5 | 91 | 3 | 1.0 (0.25, 3.78) |
| Any instrumental ADLs | 23.0 | 1341 | 43 | 1.8** (1.12, 2.79) |
| Physical functioning | ||||
| Fine motor functioning: picking up a dime from a table | ||||
| Can’t do | 0.4 | 21 | 0 | . . . |
| Difficulty doing | 6.7 | 392 | 16 | 2.1 (1.15, 3.83) |
| No difficulty | 92.8 | 5206 | 86 | Reference |
| Walking several blocks | ||||
| Can’t do | 7.4 | 412 | 21 | 2.9 (1.57, 5.41) |
| Difficulty doing | 23.0 | 1266 | 30 | 1.7 (1.03, 2.96) |
| Don’t do | 2.3 | 130 | 2 | 1.1 (0.24, 5.01) |
| No difficulty | 67.4 | 3620 | 41 | Reference |
| Lifting 10 lb | ||||
| Can’t do | 8.8 | 52 | 26 | 3.1 (1.75, 5.59) |
| Difficulty doing | 20.1 | 111 | 30 | 1.7 (1.99, 2.88) |
| Don’t do | 2.5 | 145 | 3 | 1.3 (0.41, 4.41) |
| No difficulty | 68.6 | 3837 | 43 | Reference |
| Pushing large objects (e.g., furniture) | ||||
| Can’t do | 10.8 | 575 | 23 | 2.2 (1.27, 3.97) |
| Difficulty doing | 16.3 | 877 | 18 | 1.3 (0.71, 2.31) |
| Don’t do | 5.4 | 282 | 10 | 2.3 (1.04, 4.90) |
| No difficulty | 67.5 | 3661 | 43 | Reference |
| Climbing 1 flight of stairs | ||||
| Can’t do | 5.5 | 311 | 17 | 2.6 (1.33, 4.97) |
| Difficulty doing | 15.3 | 853 | 19 | 1.3 (0.60, 3.25) |
| Don’t do | 3.1 | 202 | 7 | 1.4 (0.50, 3.25) |
| No difficulty | 76.0 | 4054 | 51 | Reference |
| Using form of assistance to get around a room | ||||
| Walker | 4.8 | 289 | 15 | 1.5 (0.74, 3.06) |
| Cane | 11.0 | 656 | 29 | 2.3 (1.37, 3.94) |
| Furniture | 0.2 | 15 | 3 | 13.3 (3.23, 54.48) |
| Cognitive functioning | ||||
| Incorrect immediate word recall score | ||||
| 0 | 86.1 | 4693 | 79 | Reference |
| 1 | 12.0 | 669 | 14 | 1.2 (0.68, 2.30) |
| 2 | 1.4 | 80 | 1 | 0.4 (0.04, 3.24) |
| 3 | 0.5 | 32 | 2 | 5.5 (1.15, 25.98) |
| Incorrect delayed word recall score | ||||
| 0 | 84.7 | 4587 | 76 | Reference |
| 1 | 12.8 | 696 | 9 | 0.8 (0.41, 1.75) |
| 2 | 2.0 | 115 | 6 | 3.5 (1.44, 8.28) |
| 3 | 0.5 | 29 | 3 | 10.7** (2.66, 43.19) |
| Telephone interview cognition score | ||||
| 0–7 | 12.7 | 803 | 25 | 2.1* (1.14, 3.87) |
| 8 | 10.6 | 620 | 15 | 1.5 (0.77, 3.00) |
| 9 | 25.3 | 1417 | 27 | 1.2 (0.69, 2.01) |
| 10 | 51.4 | 2755 | 35 | Reference |
| Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||
| Type of residence | ||||
| Mobile home | 6.5 | 396 | 12 | 2.3 (1.16, 4.59) |
| Apartment | 17.7 | 1050 | 28 | 1.4 (0.88, 2.36) |
| House, duplex, or town home | 75.1 | 4146 | 62 | Reference |
| Health insurance coverage | ||||
| Medicaid | 8.0 | 520 | 9 | 0.9 (0.40, 2.19) |
| Medicare part Bc | 89.0 | 4976 | 79 | 0.4 (0.26, 0.71) |
| Basic | 15.5 | 831 | 10 | 0.7 (0.33, 1.31) |
| Other supplemental insurance | 31.8 | 1758 | 29 | 0.9 (0.54, 1.40) |
| Medigap | 29.5 | 1573 | 30 | 0.9 (0.59, 1.52) |
| No supplemental insuranced | 2.5 | 169 | 8 | 3.4 (1.52, 7.65) |
| Net worth, $ | ||||
| < 41 500 | 29.0 | 1760 | 45 | 1.7 (0.93, 3.17) |
| 41 500–144 199 | 33.3 | 1880 | 37 | 1.5 (0.84, 2.71) |
| ≥ 144 200 | 37.6 | 1990 | 20 | Reference |
| Annual household income, $ | ||||
| < 12 000 | 26.9 | 1599 | 45 | 1.6 (0.91, 2.81) |
| 12 000–24 999 | 36.1 | 2038 | 30 | 1.1 (0.64, 2.01) |
| ≥ 25 000 | 37.1 | 1993 | 27 | Reference |
| Educational level | ||||
| No high-school diploma | 38.2 | 2267 | 53 | 2.1 (0.97, 4.34) |
| High school or equivalent | 47.5 | 2596 | 38 | 1.4 (0.65, 2.87) |
| College | 14.4 | 757 | 10 | Reference |
Note. ADLs = activities of daily living. Sample weighted percentages were used so that values would be nationally representative. For variable subcategories without reference groups, odds ratio comparison groups were individuals without evidence of the risk factor of interest.
aAdjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and previous hip fracture.
bRelative to no difficulty or assistance with these tasks.
cAmong individuals 70 years or older at baseline.
dIncludes no Medicare B and no Medicaid.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001 for trend.