Growth and fermentation rate of the wine yeast strains VL1, K1M, and BC (•) and the corresponding engineered ald6 (○), GPD1 (▴), and ald6 GPD1 (▵) strains. Fermentation experiments were performed on MS medium at a 1.1-liter scale under conditions simulating wine fermentation. One representative of three independent fermentation experiments is shown. OD, optical density.