FIG. 5.

Effects of bafilomycin A and NH₄Cl on O. tsutsugamushi infection. Cells were infected at 2 × 10⁵ ICU for the indicated time periods in the presence or absence of bafilomycin A (20 nM) or NH₄Cl (20 nM). ECV304 cells were fixed and labeled with KI-37 and goat anti-mouse IgG-FITC conjugate. Infective bacteria in every 100 cells were counted with a fluorescence microscope. Values represent the means from three independent experiments. C, control; BC, bafilomycin A-supplemented medium replaced with regular medium (without bafilomycin A); B, bafilomycin A-treated cells; NC, NH₄Cl-supplemented medium replaced with regular medium (without NH₄Cl); N, NH₄Cl-treated cells.