TABLE 3.

Time-dependent ART effects on TNF-α and IL-6 release from RAW264.7 cells induced by CpG ODN, LPS, or heat-killed E. coli^a

Treatment	Time (h)	Mean cytokine release (pg/ml) ± SDb
		CpG ODN		LPS		Heat-killed E. coli
		TNF-α	IL-6	TNF-α	IL-6	TNF-α	IL-6
ART addition	−4	1,231.5 ± 272.1**	233.5 ± 29.5**	1,314.5 ± 212.4**	100.6 ± 19.9**	1,376.9 ± 24.1**	258.8 ± 26.8**
	−2	1,648.1 ± 17.2**	349.5 ± 39.5**	1,096.6 ± 117.9**	93.4 ± 15.9**	847.0 ± 134.9**	292.7 ± 74.2**
	0	1,450.6 ± 61.9**	429.6 ± 11.5**	1,288.9 ± 104.3**	104.8 ± 7.2**	2,020.1 ± 57.0**	893.2 ± 75.7*
	1	1,802.6 ± 21.2*	584.7 ± 49.6**	959.8 ± 71.3*	96.4 ± 12.3*	2,004.0 ± 76.5*	877.2 ± 86.7*
	2	1,848.8 ± 222.3	873.2 ± 92.8*	1,657.9 ± 23.0	155.5 ± 43.8	2,734.4 ± 41.5*	925.3 ± 32.5
No ART		2,491.4 ± 141.5	861.5 ± 90.5	2,136.2 ± 23.4	379.5 ± 55.7	2,562.9 ± 155.0	942.1 ± 11.0
Medium		77.6 ± 31.5	241.5 ± 29.6	53.3 ± 10.6	90.7 ± 6.8	49.1 ± 11.5	240.8 ± 28.2

^aRAW264.7 cells (10⁶/ml) were preincubated with 40 μg of ART/ml 2 or 4 h prior to, coincident with (0 h), or 1 or 2 h after the addition of the stimulator LPS (0.1 μg/ml), CpG ODN (10 μg/ml), or heat-killed E. coli (3.5 × 10⁷ CFU/ml). After incubation for another 2 or 4 h, the cells were centrifuged, and 0.1 ml of supernatant was collected for TNF-α or IL-6 assay with the corresponding ELISA kits. The experiment was repeated three times. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01 versus no ART.