Table 3.
The Multivariate Association of the Original Eight HRQOL Measures with Mortality in HCSUS
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical functioning | |||
| 4th quartile | 1.00 | ||
| 3rd quartile | 0.68 | (0.51 to 0.91) | .001 |
| 2nd quartile | 0.54 | (0.38 to 0.76) | .001 |
| 1st quartile | 0.48 | (0.33 to 0.71) | .01 |
| Role functioning* | |||
| Score 0–50 | 1.00 | ||
| Score 75–100 | 0.77 | (0.53 to 1.12) | .17 |
| Freedom from bodily pain | |||
| 4th quartile | 1.00 | ||
| 3rd quartile | 0.69 | (0.52 to 0.91) | .01 |
| 2nd quartile | 0.67 | (0.47 to 0.94) | .05 |
| 1st quartile | 0.65 | (0.48 to 0.89) | .01 |
| General health | |||
| 4th quartile | 1.00 | ||
| 3rd quartile | 1.03 | (0.82 to 1.29) | .82 |
| 2nd quartile | 0.68 | (0.51 to 0.91) | .01 |
| 1st quartile | 0.62 | (0.35 to 1.12) | .11 |
| Energy | |||
| 4th quartile | 1.00 | ||
| 3rd quartile | 1.00 | (0.82 to 1.22) | .99 |
| 2nd quartile | 1.36 | (0.99 to 1.88) | .06 |
| 1st quartile | 1.24 | (0.73 to 2.10) | .42 |
| Social functioning | |||
| 4th quartile | 1.00 | ||
| 3rd quartile | 0.84 | (0.69 to 1.03) | .09 |
| 2nd quartile | 1.03 | (0.72 to 1.47) | .88 |
| 1st quartile | 1.19 | (0.70 to 2.03) | .52 |
| Emotional well-being | |||
| 4th quartile | 1.00 | ||
| 3rd quartile | 1.09 | (0.86 to 1.38) | .49 |
| 2nd quartile | 1.06 | (0.66 to 1.71) | .80 |
| 1st quartile | 1.18 | (0.68 to 2.04) | .55 |
| Number of days in bed* | |||
| No days in bed | 1.00 | ||
| 1 or more days in bed | 0.95 | (0.76 to 1.19) | .63 |
| Age | |||
| 18–34 | 1.00 | ||
| 35–49 | 0.97 | (0.77 to 1.23) | .81 |
| 50≤ | 1.32 | (0.94 to 1.86) | .11 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 0.99 | (0.77 to 1.28) | .94 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 1.00 | ||
| Black | 1.15 | (0.90 to 1.47) | .26 |
| Hispanic | 0.93 | (0.66 to 1.32) | .69 |
| Other | 0.60 | (0.25 to 1.43) | .25 |
| Education | |||
| College degree | 1.00 | ||
| Some college | 1.22 | (0.95 to 1.57) | .12 |
| High school degree | 1.17 | (0.83 to 1.65) | .37 |
| No high school degree | 1.58 | (1.19 to 2.10) | .01 |
| Annual household income | |||
| > $25,000 | 1.00 | ||
| $10,001–$25,000 | 0.91 | (0.66 to 1.26) | .58 |
| $5,001–$10,000 | 0.97 | (0.63 to 1.48) | .88 |
| $0–$5,000 | 0.82 | (0.55 to 1.23) | .34 |
| Geographic region | |||
| West | 1.00 | ||
| Northeast | 0.71 | (0.50 to 1.01) | .06 |
| Midwest | 0.93 | (0.46 to 1.85) | .83 |
| South | 0.96 | (0.73 to 1.25) | .75 |
| Insurance status | |||
| Private/fee-for-service | 1.00 | ||
| Private HMO | 0.80 | (0.52 to 1.22) | .29 |
| Medicaid | 0.84 | (0.55 to 1.29) | .43 |
| Medicare | 1.13 | (0.77 to 1.66) | .52 |
| No insurance | 0.61 | (0.39 to 0.95) | .05 |
| HIV exposure | |||
| Male-to-male sexual contact | 1.00 | ||
| Injecting drug use | 1.11 | (0.82 to 1.51) | .49 |
| Heterosexual contact | 0.86 | (0.60 to 1.24) | .43 |
| Other mode | 1.50 | (1.05 to 2.12) | .05 |
| CD4 count | |||
| >500 | 1.00 | ||
| 200–499 | 1.13 | (0.43 to 2.95) | .81 |
| 50–199 | 2.55 | (1.04 to 6.21) | .05 |
| <50 | 6.23 | (2.86 to 13.6) | .0001 |
| CDC stage of HIV infection | |||
| Asymptomatic | 1.00 | ||
| Symptomatic | 0.96 | (0.59 to 1.56) | .88 |
| AIDS | 1.42 | (0.87 to 2.32) | .16 |
| Antiretroviral medications | |||
| No antiretrovirals | 1.00 | ||
| 1 antiretroviral | 0.92 | (0.64 to 1.33) | .65 |
| 2 or more antiretrovirals | 0.73 | (0.54 to 1.00) | .05 |
| HAART | 0.57 | (0.38 to 0.86) | .01 |
Model includes physical functioning, role functioning, freedom from bodily pain, general health, energy, social functioning, emotional well-being, number of days in bed, age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, annual household income, geographic region, insurance status, HIV exposure, lowest CD4 count, CDC stage of HIV infection, and antiretroviral medications.
Role functioning and numbers of days in bed had to be dichotomized because of skewed distribution.
HCSUS, HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study; HRQOL, health-related quality of life; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CI, confidence interval.