Table 2.

Patient Characteristics at Baseline

Measure	Patients with Pain (n=884)	Patients with Depressive Symptoms (n=358)	Patients with Pain and Depressive Symptoms (n=442)
Patient characteristics
Mean age, y (SD)	51 (16.5)	45 (15.3)	48 (14.9)
Female, %	62	72	76
Nonwhite, %	10	13	15
Living alone, %	29	46	42
Employed, %	63	66	60
Mean years of education (SD)	15 (2.5)	14 (2.4)	14 (2.5)
Mean annual household income (SD)	$50,169 (28,008)	$39,092 (26,525)	$39,039 (27,334)
Mean number of comorbidities (SD)	2.3 (1.9)	2.5 (2.2)	3.1 (2.2)
Percent of patients whose physician at waiting room screen is patient's usual source of health care	79	83	84
Baseline pain symptoms (percent of patients with symptoms)
Joint, arm, or leg pain	36	—	29
Back pain	21	—	26
Sinus, ear, or facial pain	13	—	14
Abdominal pain	10	—	8
Chest pain	8	—	7
Headache and migraine	7	—	11
Pain from indigestion and constipation	4	—	2
Pelvic pain	3	—	4
Mean pain interference (SD)*	4.3 (2.9)	—	6.0 (2.8)
Mean pain bothersomeness (SD)†	6.4 (2.8)	—	7.3 (2.5)
Mean restricted activity days due to physical health (SD)	3.7 (6.5)	—	9.3 (10.2)
Percent of patients seeing primary physician first time for pain problem at baseline visit	52	—	40
Percent of patients with visits to any health professional for pain problem in 6 months before baseline visit	52	—	73
Baseline depression
Mean SCL depression score (SD)‡	—	1.8 (.7)	1.7 (.6)
Mean restricted activity days due to emotional health (SD)	—	6.0 (7.8)	6.1 (8.2)
Percent of patients with visits to a mental health specialist in past 6 months before baseline visit	—	32	30

^*The pain interference scale consists of 3 items: 1) how much has the pain problem interfered with daily activities in past 4 weeks; 2) how much has the pain problem interfered with your ability to take part in recreational, social and family activities in past 4 weeks; and 3) how much has the pain problem interfered with your ability to work (including housework and school) in past 4 weeks. The 0-to 10-point scale for each item ranges from “no interference” (0) to “unable to carry on activities” (10).⁴⁷

^†Pain bothersomeness is a single item, 0- to 10-point scale indicating the “bothersomeness” of the pain problem in the past 4 weeks, from “not bothersome” (0) to “extremely bothersome” (10).⁴⁶

^‡The 20-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist for Depression (SCL-20), where scores≥1.70 indicate severe depressive symptoms in the past 4 weeks.³⁷,⁴³,⁴⁴

SD, standard deviation.