Table 2.
Patient Characteristics in the Derivation and Validation Sets for Patients Prescribed ACE inhibitors
| Characteristic | Derivation Set (N= 1,125) | Validation Set (N= 567) |
|---|---|---|
| Mean age, y ± SD | 58.9 ± 13.9 | 57.9 ± 14.1 |
| Male, n(%) | 476 (42) | 210 (37) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Caucasian, n(%) | 498 (44) | 232 (41) |
| African American, n(%) | 303 (27) | 160 (28) |
| Latino, n(%) | 175 (16) | 103 (18) |
| East Asian (Chinese, Korean, Japanese), n(%) | 17 (1.5) | 4 (0.7) |
| Smoking Status | ||
| Current smoker, n(%) | 125 (11) | 72 (13) |
| Past smoker, n(%) | 284 (25) | 154 (27) |
| Never smoked, n(%) | 716 (64) | 341 (60) |
| History of other ACE inhibitors, n(%) | 271 (24) | 108 (19) |
| History of ACE inhibitor-induced cough, n(%) | 24 (2) | 8 (1) |
| History of ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema, n(%) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) |
| Medical Conditions | ||
| Hypertension, n(%) | 960 (85) | 482 (85) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n(%) | 407 (36) | 197 (35) |
| Coronary artery disease, n(%) | 224 (20) | 106 (19) |
| Congestive heart failure, n(%) | 86 (8) | 48 (8) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n(%) | 39 (3) | 24 (4) |
| Asthma, n(%) | 119 (11) | 50 (9) |
| Other respiratory diseases, n(%) | 15 (1) | 9 (2) |
| Depression/anxiety, n(%) | 314 (28) | 163 (29) |
| Other psychiatric diseases, n(%) | 42 (4) | 27 (5) |
| Hemodialysis, n(%) | 14 (1) | 6 (1) |
| Creatinine ≥1.6 mg/dL, n(%) | 66 (6) | 29 (5) |
| Concurrent Medications | ||
| Diuretics, n(%) | 436 (39) | 208 (37) |
| Beta-blockers, n(%) | 408 (36) | 208 (37) |
| Calcium antagonists, n(%) | 174 (15) | 81 (14) |
| Low dose (≤325 mg/day) aspirin, n(%) | 373 (33) | 177 (31) |
| High dose (>325 mg/day) aspirin, n(%) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.4) |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, n(%) | 178 (16) | 98 (17) |
| Cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, n(%) | 64 (6) | 28 (5) |
| ACE inhibitor-induced cough, n(%) | 130 (12) | 72 (13) |
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; SD, standard deviation.