Table 3.
Univariate Correlates of ACE Inhibitor-Induced Cough in the Derivation Set
| Variable | Cough (N= 130) | No Cough (N= 995) | P Value * |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | <.001 | ||
| 49 or less, n(%) | 20 (15) | 282 (28) | |
| 50 to 59, n(%) | 31 (24) | 288 (29) | |
| 60 to 69, n(%) | 43 (33) | 197 (20) | |
| 70 or greater, n(%) | 36 (28) | 228 (23) | |
| Male, n(%) | 33 (25) | 443 (45) | <.001 |
| Ethnicity | .06 | ||
| White, n(%) | 61 (47) | 437 (44) | |
| African-American, n(%) | 25 (19) | 278 (28) | |
| Latino, n(%) | 18 (14) | 157 (16) | |
| East Asian (Chinese, Korean, Japanese), n(%) | 4 (3) | 13 (1) | |
| Smoking Status | .4 | ||
| Current smoker, n(%) | 13 (10) | 112 (11) | |
| Past smoker, n(%) | 39 (30) | 245 (25) | |
| History of other ACE inhibitors, n(%) | 28 (22) | 243 (24) | .5 |
| History of ACE inhibitor-induced cough, n(%) | 15 (12) | 9 (0.9) | <.001 |
| History of ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema, n(%) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | .7 |
| Medical Conditions | |||
| Hypertension, n(%) | 120 (92) | 840 (84) | .02 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n(%) | 39 (30) | 368 (37) | .1 |
| Coronary artery disease, n(%) | 30 (23) | 194 (20) | .3 |
| Congestive heart failure, n(%) | 10 (8) | 76 (8) | 1.0 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n(%) | 6 (5) | 33 (3) | .4 |
| Asthma, n(%) | 16 (12) | 103 (10) | .5 |
| Other respiratory diseases, n(%) | 1 (0.8) | 14 (1.4) | .6 |
| Depression/anxiety, n(%) | 44 (34) | 270 (27) | .1 |
| Other psychiatric diseases, n(%) | 4 (3) | 38 (4) | .7 |
| Hemodialysis, n(%) | 1 (0.8) | 13 (1.3) | .6 |
| Creatinine ≥1.6 mg/dL, n(%) | 3 (2) | 63 (6) | .07 |
| Concurrent Medications | |||
| Diuretics, n(%) | 44 (34) | 392 (39) | .2 |
| Beta-blockers, n(%) | 53 (41) | 355 (36) | .3 |
| Calcium antagonists, n(%) | 19 (15) | 155 (16) | .8 |
| Low dose (≤325 mg/day) aspirin, n(%) | 46 (35) | 327 (33) | .6 |
| High dose (>325 mg/day) aspirin, n(%) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | .7 |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, n(%) | 22 (17) | 156 (16) | .7 |
| Cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, n(%) | 7 (5) | 57 (6) | .9 |
*
t tests were used for age; χ2tests were used for other variables.
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme.