Table 3.

GEE Regression Coefficients: Log of 12-month Medical Care Costs^*

	Unadjusted Model (n = 2,443)		Model with Sociodemographics (n = 2,394)		Model with Comorbidities (n = 2,352)
	Beta	Standard Error	Beta	Standard Error	Beta	Standard Error
Migraine case (per survey)	0.31§	0.08	0.20‡	0.09	0.14	0.09
Age			0.01	0.01	0.02§	0.00
Female			0.46§	0.11	0.46§	0.10
White race			−0.05	0.09	−0.01	0.09
Education
High school or less†				—	0.00	—
Some college			−0.03	0.10	−0.03	0.10
Four-year degree			−0.14	0.12	−0.03	0.11
Graduate school			−0.16	0.12	−0.04	0.12
Married			0.08	0.20	0.02	0.09
Employment status
Currently working			0.07	0.28	0.20	0.27
Sick/disabled			0.84*‡	0.37	0.72§	0.32
Not currently working			0.09	0.31	0.21	0.28
Unemployed†				—	0.00	—
HMO as primary carrier			0.22	0.29	0.29	0.30
Rx drug coverage			0.31	0.17	0.29	0.17
Continuous enrollment			0.66	0.33	0.65‡	0.32
Charlson Comorbidity Score					0.47§	0.04
Major depressive symptoms (yes vs no)					0.23‡	0.10
Major anxiety symptoms (yes vs no)					0.18	0.20

^*When the first 2 models are fit on the observations for whom complete sociodemographic and comorbidity information is available (n = 2,352), results and conclusions do not change.

^†Reference group.

^‡P < .05.

^§P < .01.

GEE, generalized estimating equation.