Table 1.
Program- and Patient-level Characteristics by Primary Medical Care Availability.
| Primary Medical Care Availability* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Overall | On-site Care Available | Only Off-site Care Available | No Primary Care Available |
| Program-level | ||||
| Total number of programs | 52 | 20 | 13 | 19 |
| Treatment modality, † | ||||
| Methadone | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Short-term residential | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| Long-term residential | 15 | 7 | 5 | 3 |
| Nonmethadone outpatient | 25 | 4 | 8 | 13 |
| Geographic region, n‡ | ||||
| Northeast | 16 | 4 | 6 | 6 |
| South | 10 | 9 | 0 | 1 |
| Midwest | 12 | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| West | 14 | 4 | 4 | 6 |
| Patient-level | ||||
| Total number of patients | 2,878 | 1,387 | 493 | 998 |
| Addiction severity at intake, mean (SE) | 349 (5.8) | 358 (8.9) | 320 (11.8)‡ | 358 (9.0) |
| Addiction severity at 12-mo follow-up, mean (SE) | 166 (5.8) | 162 (9.1) | 151 (12.2) | 178 (9.3) |
| Medical severity at intake, mean (SE) | 4.6 (0.1) | 4.7 (0.2) | 4.0 (0.2)† | 4.9 (0.2) |
| Medical severity at 12-mo follow-up, mean (SE) | 4.3 (0.1) | 4.3 (0.2) | 3.9 (0.2) | 4.5 (0.2) |
| Depressive symptoms, n (%) | ||||
| Suicidal thoughts/behavior | 289 (10.0) | 102 (7.4)† | 46 (9.3) | 141 (14.1) |
| Depressive symptoms only | 806 (28.1) | 349 (25.1) | 149 (30.2) | 308 (30.9) |
| No depressive symptoms | 1,783 (62.0) | 936 (67.5) | 298 (60.5) | 549 (55.0) |
| Drug injection in the past 12 months, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 644 (22.4) | 375 (27.0) | 56 (11.4) | 213 (21.3) |
| No | 2,234 (77.6) | 1,012 (73.0) | 437 (88.6) | 785 (78.7) |
| Treatment duration, mean n mo (SE) | 5.5 (0.5) | 5.9 (0.8) | 4.8 (1.0) | 5.6 (0.8) |
| Methadone status at 12-mo follow-up, n (%) | ||||
| Methadone maintenance | 195 (6.8) | 123 (8.9) | 0§ | 72 (7.2) |
| Withdrawn from methadone | 174 (6.1) | 83 (6.0) | 0§ | 91 (9.1) |
| Treatment other than methadone | 2,509 (87.2) | 1,181 (85.2) | 493 (100) | 835 (83.7) |
| Ethnicity/race, n (%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1,558 (54.1) | 816 (58.8) | 224 (45.4) | 518 (51.9) |
| Non-Hispanic white | 843 (29.3) | 390 (28.1) | 218 (44.2)† | 235 (23.6) |
| Other | 477 (16.6) | 181 (13.1) | 51 (10.3) | 245 (24.6) |
| Age in years, n (%) | ||||
| ≤20 | 295 (10.3) | 69 (5.0) | 142 (28.8) | 84 (8.4) |
| 21 to 30 | 941 (32.7) | 523 (37.7) | 145 (29.4) | 273 (27.4) |
| 31 to 40 | 1,145 (39.8) | 556 (40.1)‡ | 143 (29.0)§ | 446 (44.7) |
| ≥41 | 497 (17.3) | 239 (17.2) | 63 (12.8)‡ | 195 (19.5) |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||
| Currently married at intake | 603 (21.0) | 323 (23.3) | 73 (14.9) | 207 (20.8) |
| Ever married | 469 (16.3) | 234 (16.9) | 59 (12.0) | 176 (17.7) |
| Single | 1,800 (62.7) | 828 (59.8) | 359 (73.1) | 613 (61.6) |
| Educational attainment, n (%) | ||||
| At least high school graduate | 1,385 (48.1) | 730 (52.6) | 208 (42.2) | 447 (44.8) |
| Did not graduate from high school | 1,493 (51.9) | 657 (47.4) | 285 (57.8) | 551 (55.2) |
*
For patient-level variables, bivariate linear and multinomial logistic mixed effects regression models test the significance of differences between the “on-site” group and “off-site” group versus the “no primary medical care” group. These models adjust for the clustering of patients within programs.
†
P < .01.
‡
P < .05.
§
P < .001.