Table 2.
References | |
---|---|
Possible patient factors | |
Decreased access to care among uninsured women | 28,29 |
Cost barriers greater in women | 27,34 |
Lower socioeconomic status* | 14,35 |
Women's prioritization of cholesterol below gender-specific screening* | 36,37 |
Women's perception of CVD risk compared with risk of other diseases* | 38 |
Women's different communication and decision-making preferences | 41,42,44 |
Women's increased age* | 48,132 |
African-American race | 8,50 |
Increased comorbidity | 1,56 |
Women's lower rate of revascularization | 48,58 |
Substitution of hormone replacement therapy for lipid-specific therapy* | 61 |
Possible provider factors | |
Perception of CVD risk inappropriately low; treatment threshold in women inappropriately high* | 49,60,77,78 |
Perception of CVD risk higher for revascularized patients, but women undergo revascularization less | 22,58 |
Cardiologists specialty protective, but women may see them less frequently* | 80,81,84,85 |
Providers prioritize cholesterol management below other gender-specific screening* | 87 |
Providers overestimate the amount of care they provide for women more than men | 108 |
Women physician's different communication and decision-making preferences | 43 |
Younger physicians with more recent training more likely to enforce prevention, less likely to see women | 93,94 |
Possible system factors | |
Case-management programs and lipid clinics may reduce gender disparities* | 97,99 |
Cardiac rehabilitation programs underused by women* | 100,134 |
Measurement factors | 107 |
Other health system factors such as profit status, model type, referral management? | – |
This factor has already been demonstrated to differ between men and women with cardiovascular disease (CVD) for dyslipidemia screening, treatment, or goals.