Table 1.
Methodological Quality of All Framing Studies (N = 40)
| Quality Category | Quality Criterion Code | Studies Meeting Criterion n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Subject selection (N = 40) | ||
| Consecutive selection | 1a | 7 (18) |
| Representative target group | 1b | 14 (35) |
| 2. Assignment | ||
| Randomized | 2a | 25 (74) |
| (parallel groups design, N = 34) | ||
| Order of presentation randomized | 2b | 2 (33) |
| (within-subjects design, N = 6) | ||
| 3. Blinding (N = 40) | ||
| Research team unaware of allocation | 3a | 2 (5) |
| Participants unaware of other frames/purpose of study | 3b | 2 (5) |
| 4. Comparison frames (N = 40) | ||
| No information control | 4a | 2 (5) |
| Mixed frame* | 4b | 6 (15) |
| 5. Comparability | ||
| Comparison groups comparable or analyses adjusted | 5a | 12 (35) |
| (parallel groups design, N = 34) | ||
| Reported baseline characteristics | 5b | 6 (100) |
| (within-subjects design, N = 6) |
*
Both positively and negatively framed information presented together.