Table 1.

Characteristics of Respondents

	English-speaking Japanese Americans	Japanese-speaking Japanese Americans	Japanese Living in Japan
Respondents/total sample	539/589	340/415	304/335
Response rate, %	92	82	91
Mean age (SD)*	62.8 (14.3)	74.3 (10.0)	64.3 (8.7)
Range	17 to 95	24 to 98	31 to 90
Male, %*	61.1	35.7	46.5
Marital status, %*
Married	70.1	50.2	77.3
Divorced/separated	5.7	10.6	5.3
Widowed	19.3	33.5	13.4
Single	5.1	5.7	4.0
Lives alone, %*	15.9	44.4	10.9
Household income, %*,†
≤$50.000	55.3	84.4	57.5
>$50.000	44.7	15.6	42.5
Working, %*	47.8	24.8	43.5
Mean y of education (SD)*	14.3 (2.9)	11.5 (2.7)	11.5 (2.6)
Self-described religious person, %*	50.3	54.6	39.5
Religion, %*
Christian	36.7	13.8	1.7
Buddhist	46.2	60.7	67.3
Other/no religion	17.1	25.4	31.0
Generation status*‡
Issei/Shin-issei/Kibei	15.9	85.3	—
Nisei	48.1	7.0	—
Sansei/other	40.0	7.7	—
Mean acculturation score (SD)*,§	68.7 (23.5)	25.8 (23.7)	—
Mean no chronic illnesses (SD)‖	2.1 (1.7)	2.0 (1.7)	1.7 (1.5)
HRQOL from SF-12, mean (SD)¶
Physical summary score*	49.4 (9.4)	47.4 (8.7)	45.7 (7.8)
Mental summary score*	53.4 (8.0)	49.9 (9.1)	47.4 (7.7)
Health Insurance, %*
National insurance	—	—	100
Private	58.8	47.7	—
Medicare	37.9	32.3	—
Medicaid alone	0.8	16.3	—
No insurance	1.7	2.1	–
Have a regular doctor, %*	96.6	92.1	59.9
Hospitalization in past 6 mo, %*	5.4	11.6	7.7
Experienced an ICU visit, %*	69.0	40.1	39.6

^*P < .001

^†Japanese yen converted to U.S. dollars ($1 = 140 yen).

^‡Issei, 1st generation; Shin-issei, 1st generation immigrated after WWII; Kibei, 2nd generation raised in Japan during WW II; Nisei, 2nd generation; Sansei, 3rd generation; others are later generations.

^§Acculturation score ranges from 0 to 100; higher score indicates more acculturation.

^‖P < .05

^¶HRQOL, Health-related quality of life measured by SF-12 on 0 to 100 scale; higher score is better.