Table 4.

Comparison of End-of-life Attitudes Between English-speaking Japanese Americans, Japanese-speaking Japanese Americans, and Japanese Living in Japan, After Adjustment^*

	English-speaking Japanese Americans	Japanese-speaking Japanese Americans	Japanese living in Japan
Attitudes toward forgoing care, adjusted mean values
Preserve survival in permanent coma	1.33†	1.66‡	1.42
Willingness to withdraw care	3.91†,‡	3.27	3.44
Attitudes toward advance care planning, adjusted mean values
Willingness to participate in advance care planning	4.69†,‡	3.66§	4.09
Autonomy in decision making	3.07†,‡	2.03‡	2.40

^*Attitude scores for multi-item scales computed as follows: preserve survival in permanent coma: 3-point scale (3 = desires care to preserve life in coma); willingness to withdraw life-sustaining care: 5-point scale (5 = more willing to withdraw care); willingness to participate in advance care planning: 5-point scale (5 = more willing to participate); autonomy in decision making: 5-point scale (5 = more autonomy). Adjustment included age, gender, marital status, household income, residential status, years of education, religiosity, religious group, have a regular physician, physical and mental health–related quality of life scores, number of chronic conditions, hospitalization in the past 6 months, and visit to an intensive care unit.

^†Pair-wise comparison versus Japanese-speaking Japanese Americans, P < .001.

^‡Pair-wise comparison versus Japanese living in Japan, P <.001.

^§Pair-wise comparison versus Japanese living in Japan, P < .01.