Table 2.

Changes in Hospital Utilization over the One-Year Observation Period, for APPROACH and Control Groups,^* and Differences in These Changes Between Groups^†

Utilization	Change in APPROACH	Change in Control	Difference in Change Unadjusted (P Value; 95% CI)	Difference in Change Adjusted‡(P Value; 95% CI)
Primary care	0.60	0.33	0.27 (.14; −0.11 to 0.66)	0.28 (.16; −0.11 to 0.66)
Specialty care	−0.48	0.09	−0.57 (.04; −1.05 to −0.01)	−0.53 (.05; −1.05 to 0.01)
Low-acuity ED care	−0.15	−0.21	0.06 (.42; −0.09 to +0.22)	0.06 (.42; −0.09 to +0.22)
Inpatient care	−0.31	−0.17	−0.14 (.02; −0.26 to −0.03)	−0.14 (.01; −0.26 to −0.03)

^*Calculated for each service category as: Change =(Baseline Use)−(Observation Period Use). Results may not exactly coincide with the crude means from Figure 1, as this calculation accounts for the clustering effect. APPROACH indicates Ambulatory Patient–Physician Relationship Organized to Achieve Coordinated Healthcare; CI, confidence interval.

^†These results, calculated as (Change in APPROACH)−(Change in Control), represent the main effect of the intervention.

^‡Adjusted for age, sex, race, financial class, language, and level of provider.