Table 1.

Identification of Circulating Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood.

Cancer	Method of Detection	Markers	Conclusions	Key References
Bladder	RT-PCR	UPII, CK20 CK19, EGFR, PSMA	EGFR and UPII expression may be useful tumor markers	22,29,32,61
	IHC	CK8, CK18, CK19	CTCs were detected only in patients with metastatic disease	34
	MACS		MACS improved sensitivity and specificity of CTC detection	62,63
	FACS	E-cadherin, CD103	Flow cytometry allowed isolation of bladder cancer cells by differential expression of E-cadherin	64
Prostate	RT-PCR	PSA, PSMA, PSCA	PSA as promising marker for molecular staging in PCa	49,65
	IHC	Cytokeratin, PSMA, DAPI, E-cadherin, p53, PSA	IHC and in situ hybridization allow characterization of isolated cancer cells	66,67
	MACS		Enrichment of circulating tumor cells for enhanced genetic analysis	24,68
	FACS	5E10, Muc1, CK	Flow cytometric isolation is efficient for CTC detection	17,69
Renal	RT-PCR	PSMA, MN/CA9	PSMA and MN/CA9 may be useful as biomarkers for renal cancer	21,39,55
	IHC		N/A
	MACS		Increased sensitivity of detection of cell number and tumor grade	58
	FACS		N/A
Testicular	RT-PCR	α-Fetoprotein	Inconsistent findings using PCR to detect circulating tumor cells in patients with testicular cancer	59,60
	IHC		N/A
	MACS		N/A
	FACS		N/A