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Production of cytokines in BAL fluid of superinfected, monoinfected, and noninfected mice. Mice were divided into four groups (10 mice per group) as indicated in the figure. BAL fluids from the mice were harvested, and the amounts of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Values are presented as the mean picograms per milliliter of BAL fluid ± the standard deviation. ✽, P < 0.05 (compared to IAV [○] and GAS [□]).
