TABLE 5.
Odds ratios by exposure to sources of smoke in relation to respiratory symptoms: The Singapore Chinese Health Study
| No Symptoms | Non-Chronic Cough or Phlegm
|
Chronic Phlegm
|
Chronic Dry Cough
|
Chronic Bronchitis
|
Adult-Onset Asthma
|
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | n | OR* | 95% CI | n | OR* | 95% CI | n | OR* | 95% CI | n | OR* | 95% CI | n | OR * | 95% CI | |
| Welding | 42829 | 2427 | 1.0 | 1361 | 1.0 | 341 | 1.0 | 386 | 1.0 | 1345 | 1.0 | |||||
| 2275 | 225 | 1.13‡ | 0.97, 1.32 | 114 | 0.94 | 0.76, 1.15 | 23 | 0.95 | 0.61, 1.48 | 31 | 1.03 | 0.70, 1.51 | 81 | 1.17 | 0.92, 1.48 | |
| Coal Burning | 44728 | 2618 | 1.0 | 1451 | 1.0 | 360 | 413 | 1411 | 1.0 | |||||||
| 376 | 34 | 1.14 | 0.80, 1.64 | 24 | 1.45 | 0.95, 2.20 | 4 | † | 4 | † | 15 | 1.23 | 0.73, 2.07 | |||
| Wood Burning | 44745 | 2622 | 1.0 | 1459 | 1.0 | 360 | 411 | 1408 | 1.0 | |||||||
| 359 | 30 | 1.02 | 0.70, 1.50 | 16 | 0.96 | 0.58, 1.60 | 4 | † | 6 | † | 18 | 1.48 | 0.92, 2.40 | |||
| Other | 41474 | 2359 | 1.0 | 1312 | 1.0 | 324 | 1.0 | 364 | 1.0 | 1296 | 1.0 | |||||
| 3630 | 293 | 1.12 | 0.98, 1.27 | 163 | 1.06 | 0.89, 1.25 | 40 | 1.09 | 0.78, 1.52 | 53 | 1.13 | 0.84, 1.52 | 130 | 1.09 | 0.90, 1.31 | |
Definition of abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
*
Models are adjusted for age, gender, dialect, smoking status (never, former, current), age at starting to smoke (≥ 20, 15–19, ≤ 14 years), and cigarettes per day (≤ 12, 13–22, ≥ 23).
†
OR was not calculated
‡
Odds ratio relative to the reference category equal to OR 1.0 for unexposed individuals