Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical features by race and ethnicity
| Non-Hispanic white (n = 226) | Hispanic (n = 72) | African-American (n = 35) | P-value | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age: mean ± SD years | 65.5 ± 9.4 | 64.9 ± 10.1 | 63.3 ± 10.8 | NS |
| Female | 5.3% | 1.4% | 0% | NS |
| Married | 56.6% | 66.7% | 62.9% | NS |
| Disease history | ||||
| Diabetes duration: mean ± SD years | 14.1 ± 9.5 | 15.4 ± 10.5 | 15.5 ± 10.6 | NS |
| Duration of medical treatment: mean ± SD years | 12.3 ± 9.0 | 14.1 ± 10.5 | 12.6 ± 10.0 | NS |
| Duration of insulin treatment: mean ± SD years | 8.0 ± 7.7 | 7.8 ± 8.1 | 8.6 ± 8.2 | NS |
| Complications | ||||
| Neuropathy | 59.7% | 63.9% | 51.4% | NS |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 35.8% | 41.7% | 28.6% | NS |
| Angina or chest pain | 35.0% | 23.6% | 40.0% | NS |
| Myocardial infarction | 33.6% | 26.4% | 17.1% | NS |
| Retinopathy | 31.9% | 21.4% | 34.3% | NS |
| Stroke | 13.7% | 13.9% | 11.4% | NS |
| Extremity amputation | 6.6% | 8.3% | 14.3% | NS |
| Chronic renal disease | 3.5% | 0% | 2.9% | NS |
| Blindness | 1.3% | 1.4% | 0% | NS |
| Any microvascular complication | 67.7% | 69.4% | 71.4% | NS |
| Any macrovascular complication | 66.4% | 61.1% | 57.1% | NS |
| Disabilities | ||||
| Work | 55.8% | 55.6% | 31.4% | 0.03 |
| Household projects | 56.6% | 47.2% | 45.7% | NS |
| Yard work | 40.3% | 33.3% | 25.7% | NS |
| Exercise | 28.4% | 19.4% | 25.7% | NS |
| Cooking | 11.1% | 9.7% | 5.7% | NS |
| Shopping | 9.7% | 12.5% | 11.4% | NS |
| Self-care | 4.0% | 5.6% | 2.9% | NS |
| Any of the above | 72.1% | 73.6% | 54.3% | NS |
| Another person: | ||||
| Measures blood sugars | 1.3% | 0% | 5.7% | NS |
| Administers insulin | 4.0% | 0% | 5.7% | NS |
| Family circumstances | ||||
| Head of household | 89.3% | 97.2% | 94.3% | NS |
| Size of household: mean ± SD | 1.96 ± 1.16 | 2.35 ± 1.60 | 2.03 ± 0.92 | 0.04 |
| Number of dependents: mean ± SD | 0.57 ± 0.90 | 0.83 ± 0.90 | 0.69 ± 0.80 | 0.02 |
| Family member with alcoholism | 6.6% | 2.8% | 8.6% | NS |
| Family member with disability | 50.9% | 41.7% | 45.7% | NS |
| Caregiver to another person | 39.4% | 30.6% | 37.1% | NS |
| Occupational history | ||||
| Employed ≥ 8 hours/week | 24.3% | 25.0% | 37.1% | NS |
| Work hours from 5:00 pm to 8:00 am | 9.3% | 9.7% | 14.3% | NS |
| Variable job site | 7.5% | 9.7% | 14.3% | NS |
| Geographic barriers | ||||
| Distance to hospital (miles): mean ± SD | 20.3 ± 28.3 | 21.1 ± 30.3 | 11.3 ± 7.3 | 0.07* |
| Drives automobile | 88.1% | 93.1% | 85.7% | NS |
| Medical treatment | ||||
| Insulin (mean ± SD) | ||||
| Units per day | 70.6 ± 48.8 | 58.4 ± 32.6 | 53.1 ± 36.2 | <0.01† |
| Number of injections per day | 2.09 ± 0.66 | 2.11 ± 0.52 | 1.91 ± 0.45 | NS |
| Number of preparations | 1.43 ± 0.54 | 1.43 ± 0.50 | 1.29 ± 0.46 | NS |
| Oral medications | ||||
| % subjects using | 33.2% | 34.7% | 31.4% | NS |
| Number of dosing times | 0.65 ± 1.00 | 0.72 ± 1.00 | 0.66 ± 1.00 | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2): mean ± SD | 32.3 ± 6.2 | 30.9 ± 5.7 | 31.1 ± 4.5 | NS |
| Exercise (met-hours per week): mean ± SD | 64.1 ± 63.9 | 74.3 ± 77.7 | 72.7± 48.8 | NS |
| Current smoker | 19.9% | 25.0% | 22.9% | NS |
| Entry HbA1c (%): mean ± SD | 7.86 ± 1.41 | 8.16 ± 1.61 | 8.84 ± 2.87 | 0.05† |
| Blood lipids: mean ± SD | ||||
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 189 ± 46 | 192 ± 57 | 196 ± 35 | NS |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 229 ± 190 | 225 ± 159 | 164 ± 96 | 0.08† |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 39.5 ± 11.6 | 40.0 ± 11.5 | 44.0 ± 13.4 | NS |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 109 ± 42 | 105 ± 38 | 121 ± 36 | NS |
| Blood pressure: mean ± SD | ||||
| Systolic (mm Hg) | 138 ± 18 | 138 ± 17 | 133 ± 20 | NS |
| Diastolic (mm Hg) | 74 ± 10 | 75 ± 10 | 77 ± 10 | NS |
Abbreviations:
SD = standard deviation
BMI = Body Mass Index
HbA1c = Glycosylated hemoglobin
*Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks
† Brown-Forsythe test