Table 2.

Psychological features by race and ethnicity*.

	Non-Hispanic white (n = 226)	Hispanic (n = 72)	African-American (n = 35)	P-value
Preference for English	98.7%	83.3%	100%	<0.001
Education (years)	13.7 ± 2.8	11.9 ± 4.0	12.9 ± 2.0	<0.001†
Cognitive Deficit mean§	28.3 ± 2.0	26.4 ± 3.5	27.7 ± 1.8	<0.001
Family Behavior Checklist score||	6.16 ± 6.92	6.33 ± 6.88	8.26 ± 5.92	NS
Diabetes Knowledge score¶	67.4 ± 13.9	56.3 ± 17.0	62.1 ± 16.8	<0.001
Depression score**	7.60 ± 6.58	9.42 ± 7.14	6.03 ± 5.63	0.03‡
Diabetes Care Profile scores††
Problems with glycemic control	3.98 ± 0.66	3.93 ± 0.56	4.27 ± 0.58	0.02‡
Social and personal impact	3.47 ± 0.82	3.39 ± 0.84	3.73 ± 0.72	NS
Positive attitudes	3.10 ± 0.72	2.99 ± 0.72	3.12 ± 0.94	NS
Negative attitudes	3.53 ± 0.80	3.24 ± 0.90	3.80 ± 0.83	0.008‡
Perceived ability to do self-care	3.00 ± 0.74	3.00 ± 0.87	3.53 ± 0.74	0.001‡
Importance of self-care	4.24 ± 0.58	4.29 ± 0.62	4.45 ± 0.66	NS
Adherence to self-care	3.49 ± 0.74	3.51 ± 0.77	3.80 ± 0.79	NS
Adherence to diet	2.65 ± 0.94	2.65 ± 0.96	3.08 ± 0.81	0.04‡
Barriers to taking medications	4.57 ± 0.45	4.55 ± 0.56	4.59 ± 0.52	NS
Barriers to exercise	4.04 ± 0.80	4.04 ± 0.80	4.37 ± 0.64	NS
Barriers to monitoring	4.63 ± 0.46	4.50 ± 0.60	4.38 ± 0.83	NS
Understanding of objectives	3.44 ± 0.81	3.22 ± 0.81	3.57 ± 0.83	NS
Perception of long-term benefits	4.38 ± 0.68	4.29 ± 0.86	4.15 ± 0.96	NS
Social support	3.82 ± 0.60	3.87 ± 0.63	3.94 ± 0.63	NS

* Values are mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated

^†Brown-Forsythe test

^‡Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks

^§Mini-Mental State Examination: 30-point scale, higher score more favorable

^||Scale ranging from -44 to 38, higher score more favorable

^¶ University of Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test: percentage correct, higher score more favorable

**Geriatric Depression Scale: 30-point scale, lower score more favorable

^†† Scale ranging from 1 to 5, higher score more favorable