Table 2.
Pesticide concentrations in human breast milk samples from mothers of 62 boys with cryptorchidism and 68 healthy boys.a
| Lipid-based concentrations (ng/g lipid) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Detection rate (%) | Samples < LOD (n) | Samples < LOQ (n) | Cases (n = 62) | Controls (n = 68) | p-Value unadjusted | p-Value adjustedb | p-Value adjustedc | |
| Lipid (% w/w) | 100 | 0 | 0 | 3.68 (1.13–7.87) | 3.76 (0.36–10.14) | 0.52 | 0.71 | 0.79 |
| p,p′-DDT | 100 | 0 | 0 | 4.63 (1.85–14.26) | 3.98 (1.46–37.88) | 0.53 | 0.34 | 0.47 |
| p,p′-DDE | 100 | 0 | 0 | 97.32 (21.77–427.55) | 83.76 (18.95–377.49) | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.26 |
| p,p′-DDD | 97.7 | 0 | 3 | 0.36 (0.11–1.88) | 0.34 (0.10–2.20) | 0.68 | 0.57 | 0.48 |
| o,p′-DDT | 98.5 | 0 | 2 | 0.35 (0.10–1.80) | 0.34 (0.07–1.83) | 0.50 | 0.68 | 0.97 |
| o,p′-DDE | 71.5 | 0 | 37 | 0.08 (0.03–0.28) | 0.08 (0.03–0.20) | 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.68 |
| o,p′-DDD | 53.1 | 3 | 58 | 0.03 (0.02–0.07) | 0.03 (0.00–0.17) | 0.60 | 0.65 | 0.36 |
| p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT | 17.88 (8.10–54.49) | 19.31 (4.36–106.66) | 0.80 | 0.94 | 0.59 | |||
| Sum DDT | 140.41 (43.04–442.70) | 116.60 (30.72–245.17) | 0.71 | 0.40 | 0.27 | |||
| α-HCH | 69.2 | 0 | 40 | 0.20 (0.04–3.45) | 0.19 (0.04–2.36) | 0.66 | 0.93 | 0.77 |
| β-HCH | 100 | 0 | 0 | 13.64 (2.74–66.23) | 12.29 (4.47–59.30) | 0.40 | 0.19 | 0.16 |
| γ-HCH | 45.4 | 0 | 71 | — (0.36–4.05) | — (0.29–2.37) | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.77 |
| HCB | 100 | 0 | 0 | 10.59 (3.18–23.00) | 8.83 (2.94–24.56) | 0.38 | 0.15 | 0.12 |
| PCA | 43.1 | 1 | 73 | — (0.03–0.79) | — (0.02–0.68) | 0.34 | 1.00 | 0.78 |
| PeCB | 91.5 | 0 | 11 | 0.27 (0.11–1.41) | 0.28 (0.08–0.61) | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
| α-Endosulfan | 100 | 0 | 0 | 6.95 (1.83–17.84) | 6.66 (1.19–22.66) | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
| cis-HE | 100 | 0 | 0 | 2.48 (0.66–10.82) | 2.19 (0.63–17.02) | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.36 |
| cis-Chlordane | 30.8 | 66 | 24 | — (0.02–0.07) | — (0.01–0.07) | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.01 |
| trans-Chlordane | 61.5 | 22 | 28 | 0.06 (0.02–0.35) | 0.04 (0.01–0.13) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Oxychlordane | 100 | 0 | 0 | 4.52 (0.91–8.93) | 4.09 (1.14–12.01) | 0.71 | 0.51 | 0.21 |
| Methoxychlor | 26.9 | 1 | 94 | — (0.06–1.12) | — (0.05–0.41) | 0.37 | 0.30 | 0.17 |
| OCS | 90.8 | 0 | 12 | 0.21 (0.04–0.49) | 0.18 (0.05–0.70) | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.78 |
| Dieldrin | 100 | 0 | 0 | 4.06 (0.77–35.50) | 3.11 (1.07–14.05) | 0.30 | 0.08 | 0.28 |
| Mirex | 99.2 | 0 | 1 | 0.21 (0.05–1.54) | 0.23 (0.02–0.66) | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.67 |
—, Median cannot be determined.
a
Pesticide concentrations (nanograms per gram lipid) are given as medians (for compounds with detection rate > 50%) and range (minimum to maximum), detection rates as percentages (%). Differences between cases and controls were tested by logistic regression.
b
p-Value adjusted for country in a regression model.
c
p-Value adjusted for country, maternal age, gestational age, parity, birth weight, and maternal prepregnancy BMI in a logistic regression model.