Distribution and orientation of sulfates in FGF-1- and FGF-2-bound oligosaccharides. (A) Designation of sulfates, where the chain direction is nonreducing end (left) to reducing end (right). (B–E) Projection of the sulfates down the helical axis represented on a helical wheel (Upper) and the axial distances between the sulfur atoms mapped on the helix axis (Lower). (B and D) Modeled unbound oligosaccharide structures with ring conformations corresponding to those observed in FGF-1 (25) and -2 (26) cocrystal structures, respectively. (C and E) Bound oligosaccharide structures obtained from the FGF-1 and -2 cocrystal structures, respectively. Note that in C the 2S2 is closer to the 6S2 (Upper) and there is a significant increase in the 6S1–NS2 axial distance and a decrease in the NS2–2S2 axial distance (Lower), compared with the unbound structure shown in B. Note that in E the 6S1 is closer to the NS2 (Upper), there is interchange of the 2S1 and NS1 (Upper), and there is a decrease in the NS2–2S2 axial distance and an increase in the 2S1–6S1 axial distance (Lower), compared with the unbound structure shown in D.