Table 1.

Mean reduction ± SD of the resident hand flora of 20 volunteers by reference treatment (60% propan-1-ol for 3 min) or a 1.5 min treatment with a propanol-based hand rub applied in three different modes; experiments according to EN 12791 in a Latin-square design.

Formulation	Method	Time (min) of			Immediate effect		Sustained effect
		washing	disinfection	drying	RF	p-value*	RF	p-value*
Propan-1-ol	Reference disinfection	1	3	-	1.79 ± 0.98	0.026	1.42 ± 0.90	0.430
Sterillium	A	1	1.5	-	1.51 ± 0.97§		1.62 ± 0.93
Sterillium	B	-	1.5	-	2.29 ± 1.02		1.70 ± 1.02
Sterillium	C	-	1.5	1	2.32 ± 0.93§		2.03 ± 0.91

*Comparison of all four treatments (Friedman test)

^§Significant pairwise difference (p < 0.05) in Wilcoxon-Wilcox test