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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2006 Jul 24.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2006 Jan;18(1):57–63. doi: 10.1097/01.ana.0000191280.05170.0f

Table 1.

Symptoms and signs of hypo- and hypernatremia

Moderate Severe
Hyponatremia Lethargy Drowsiness/Confusion
Nausea/Vomiting Depressed Reflexes
Irritability Seizures
Headache Coma
Muscle Weakness/Cramps Death
Hypernatremia Lethargy Hyperreflexia
Thirst Ataxia
Irritability Seizures
Coma