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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2006 Jul 24.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2006 Jan;18(1):57–63. doi: 10.1097/01.ana.0000191280.05170.0f

Table 2.

Common Causes of Hyponatremia

Decreased ECF Volume

  • Extrarenal sodium loss

    • - Diarrhoea

    • - Vomiting

    • - Blood loss

    • - Excessive sweating

  • Intrarenal sodium loss

    • Cerebral salt wasting syndrome

    • Diuretics

    • Osmotic diuresis

    • Adrenal insufficiency

    • Ketonuria

Normal ECF Volume

  • Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

    • - central nervous system

      • space occupying lesions

      • trauma

      • haemorrhage

      • stroke

      • inflammatory disorders

      • demyelination

    • - drugs

      • carbamazepine

      • chlopropramide

      • oxcarbazepine

      • phenothiazines

      • serotonin re-uptake inhibitors

      • tricylic antidepressants

      • vincristine

    • - pulmonary conditions

      • infection

      • acute lung injury

      • neoplasia

  • Thiazide diuretics

  • Adrenal insufficiency

  • Hypothyroidism

  • Primarypolydipsia

Increased ECF Volume

  • Congestive cardiac failure

  • Nephrotic syndrome

  • Renal failure

  • Cirrhosis