TABLE 2.
Characterized or putative GAS regulatory and virulence genes analyzed in vivo
| Functional category | Spy no.a | Gene(s)a | CovRS regulationb | Putative function in GAS | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Two-component regulator | 242-244-245 | fasB-fasC-fasA-fas(X) | No | Growth-phase regulation | 25 |
| 336-337 | covR-covS | Yes | Negative regulator | 8, 17, 28 | |
| 529-528 | sycF-sycG | No | Unknown | 8 | |
| 1081-1082 | srtR-srtK | No | Bacteriocin regulation | 16 | |
| 1237-1236 | ciaR-ciaHc | Yes | Unknown | 52 | |
| 1556-1553 | zmpR-zmpS | Yes | Unknown | 16 | |
| 2027-2026 | irr-ihkd | Yes | Survival response to human PMNs | 8, 55 | |
| Regulator | 187 | perR | No | Unknown | 10, 47 |
| 1870 | crgR | No | Transcriptional regulator | 36 | |
| 2019 | mga | No | trans-Acting positive regulator | 4 | |
| 2042 | rgg | Yes | Transcriptional regulator | 30 | |
| Virulence factor | 861 | mac | Yes | Inhibition of phagocytosis | 27 |
| 1357 | grab | Yes | Proteinase inhibition | 41 | |
| 2010 | scpA | No | C5a peptidase | 5 | |
| 2018 | emmd | No | Adhesin and/or antiphagocytosis | 6 | |
| 2039 | speB | Yes | Extracellular cysteine protease | 34 | |
| 2043 | sda | Yes | DNase | 40 | |
| 2016 | sicd | No | Inhibition of adherence | 20 | |
| Putative virulence factor | 428 | edine | Yes | Unknown | 57 |
| 843 | bspAf | Yes | Unknown | 42 |
a
Spy numbers are as described by Ferretti et al. (10). Genes (and corresponding Spy numbers) measured by TaqMan real-time RT-PCR are marked in boldface.
b
Refers to direct or indirect regulation by CovRS (16).
c
Homolog of Streptococcus pneumoniae two-component regulator system ciaRH (52).
d
Studied only in samples from cynomolgus macaques.
e
Homolog of the edinC gene in Staphylococcus aureus (57).
f
GAS homolog of gene (bspA) identified in Bacteroides forsythus (42).