Figure 5.

Effect of electroporation on equipotential (electric field) uniformity. (a–c) Time domain solutions for electroporation during a field pulse, E_app = 1,100 V⋅cm⁻¹ (leading edge rising at 1,100 V⋅cm¹⋅μs⁻¹). Red indicates electroporated membrane regions; elapsed time is shown in upper left corner. (d) All membranes maximally electroporated [0.1% area occupied by aqueous pores (34, 35)]. (e) Same as d, but supramaximally electroporated (1% aqueous area). (f–j) Equipotentials at 100 Hz for the corresponding cases of partial (at t = 1.8, 2.0, and 5.6 μs), maximal, and supramaximal electroporation.