Table 5.
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | ||||||||
1991 | 1998 | 1991 | 1998 | 1991 | 1998 | 1991 | 1998 | 1991 | 1998 | 1991 | 1998 | 1991 | 1998 | |
Household Economic status | ||||||||||||||
1st quintile (reference) | ||||||||||||||
2nd quintile | 0.184 | 0.174 | 0.191 | 0.140 | 0.252** | 0.199** | 0.232* | 0.222** | 0.233* | 0.215** | ||||
3rd quintile | -0.125 | 0.129 | -0.116 | 0.121 | 0.026 | 0.152 | 0.003 | 0.176* | 0.006 | 0.180* | ||||
4th quintile | 0.194 | 0.349** | 0.181 | 0.334** | 0.160 | 0.359*** | 0.071 | 0.394*** | 0.064 | 0.400*** | ||||
5th quintile | 0.320** | 0.647*** | 0.272* | 0.638*** | 0.248* | 0.576*** | 0.049 | 0.575*** | 0.028 | 0.594*** | ||||
Continuous | 0.185** | 0.290*** | 0.162** | 0.288*** | 0.104* | 0.246*** | 0.013 | 0.227*** | 0.008 | 0.227** | ||||
Maternal health-seeking behavior | ||||||||||||||
1st quintile (reference) | ||||||||||||||
2nd quintile | 0.352** | 0.227** | 0.297** | 0.047 | 0.120 | -0.050 | 0.121 | -0.038 | 0.125 | -0.071 | ||||
3rd quintile | 0.438** | 0.241** | 0.349** | -0.087 | 0.230* | -0.076 | 0.236* | -0.071 | 0.229* | -0.143 | ||||
4th quintile | 0.455** | 0.331** | 0.293* | -0.074 | 0.203 | 0.023 | 0.187 | 0.036 | 0.173 | -0.059 | ||||
5th quintile | 0.647*** | 0.359** | 0.440** | -0.152 | 0.355** | 0.047 | 0.308** | 0.036 | 0.279* | -0.079 | ||||
Continuous | 0.193*** | 0.128** | 0.125** | -0.426 | 0.137** | 0.043 | 0.110** | 0.042 | 0.112** | 0.004 | ||||
Household environment | ||||||||||||||
Water | ||||||||||||||
Poor (reference) | ||||||||||||||
Medium | 0.167 | 0.157* | 0.040 | -0.046 | 0.006 | -0.030 | ||||||||
Good | 0.470*** | 0.209* | 0.278** | -0.034 | 0.234** | -0.023 | ||||||||
Sanitation | ||||||||||||||
Poor (reference) | ||||||||||||||
Medium | 0.031 | 0.361** | -0.098 | 0.212 | -0.147 | 0.195 | ||||||||
Good | 0.093 | 0.088 | 0.052 | -0.117 | 0.042 | -0.113 | ||||||||
Cooking fuel | ||||||||||||||
Poor (reference) | ||||||||||||||
Good | 0.312** | 0.240** | 0.218** | 0.091 | 0.188 | 0.087 | ||||||||
Maternal education | ||||||||||||||
No education (reference) | ||||||||||||||
Primary | 0.262** | 0.595*** | 0.133 | 0.300** | 0.055 | 0.287** | ||||||||
Secondary or + | 0.399** | 0.732*** | 0.213* | 0.406*** | 0.091 | 0.319** | ||||||||
Maternal age at birth (yrs) | ||||||||||||||
<20 (reference) | ||||||||||||||
20–29 | 0.032 | 0.079 | 0.026 | 0.084 | 0.019 | 0.104 | 0.026 | 0.094 | ||||||
30–49 | 0.017 | 0.142 | 0.016 | 0.135 | 0.011 | 0.186* | 0.020 | 0.160 | ||||||
Maternal marital status | ||||||||||||||
Married monogamy | 0.182** | 0.038 | 0.175** | 0.028 | 0.186** | 0.016 | 0.234** | 0.022 | ||||||
Other (reference) | ||||||||||||||
Child sex | ||||||||||||||
Male | -0.074 | -0.209*** | -0.067 | -0.208*** | -0.072 | -0.206*** | -0.070 | -0.207*** | ||||||
Female (reference) | ||||||||||||||
Child age (months) | ||||||||||||||
0–5 (reference) | ||||||||||||||
6–11 | -1.121*** | -1.222*** | -1.124*** | -1.237*** | -1.114*** | -1.210*** | -1.126*** | -.1.237*** | ||||||
12–23 | -1.756*** | -1.965*** | -1.742*** | -1.982*** | -1.730*** | -1.949*** | -1.741*** | -1.966*** | ||||||
24–35 | -1.646*** | -1.899*** | -1.637*** | -1.913*** | -1.617*** | -1.869*** | -1.637*** | -1.895*** | ||||||
Birth size | ||||||||||||||
Small (reference) | ||||||||||||||
Average | 0.359*** | 0.188** | 0.358*** | 0.178** | 0.379*** | 0.180** | 0.367*** | 0.175** | ||||||
Large | 0.797*** | 0.514*** | 0.796*** | 0.505*** | 0.814*** | 0.497*** | 0.799*** | 0.493*** | ||||||
Breastfeeding duration | ||||||||||||||
Never breastfed | -0.240 | -0.205 | -0.232 | -0.110 | -0.186 | -0.207 | -0.209 | -0.102 | ||||||
Still breastfeeding | -0.559** | -0.190 | -0.490** | -0.128 | -0.512** | -0.192 | -0.466** | -0.104 | ||||||
Breastfed 0–4 months | -0.067 | 0.460 | -0.036 | 0.428 | -0.035 | 0.452 | -0.020 | 0.438 | ||||||
Breastfed 5–6 months (reference) | ||||||||||||||
Breastfed 7–18 months | -0.243 | 0.232 | -0.196 | 0.288 | -0.227 | 0.208 | -0.180 | 0.297 | ||||||
Breastfed 19 months or more | -0.534** | 0.054 | -0.465** | 0.119 | -0.503** | 0.061 | -0.435* | 0.152 | ||||||
Preceding birth interval | ||||||||||||||
First born child | -0.002 | 0.023 | -0.008 | 0.034 | -0.029 | 0.005 | -0.009 | 0.0250 | ||||||
7–18 months | -0.088 | -0.248* | -0.102 | -0.233* | -0.099 | -0.279** | -0.102 | -0.248* | ||||||
19–23 months | -0.182 | -0.864 | -0.161 | -0.089 | -0.164 | -0.089 | -0.158 | -0.096 | ||||||
24 months or more (reference) | ||||||||||||||
Place of residence | ||||||||||||||
Yaounde/Douala | 0.373** | 0.366** | 0.298 | 0.337* | ||||||||||
Intermediate cities | -0.140 | 0.001 | -0.162 | -0.060 | ||||||||||
Rural | ||||||||||||||
Region | ||||||||||||||
West/Littoral | 0.686*** | 0.778*** | 0.663*** | 0.791*** | 0.601*** | 0.533*** | 0.575*** | 0.618*** | ||||||
North-West/South-West | 0.599*** | 0.808*** | 0.605*** | 0.831*** | 0.574*** | 0.558*** | 0.520*** | 0.657*** | ||||||
Center/South/East | 0.308** | 0.356** | 0.276** | 0.362*** | 0.211 | 0.091 | 0.186 | 0.177 | ||||||
Adamaoua/North/Far-North (reference) | ||||||||||||||
Community environmental index | 0.117** | 0.078** | 0.074* | 0.003 | ||||||||||
Log-Likelihood | -5729.851 | -5705.574 | -5739.404 | -5198.523 | -5183.880 | -5205.653 | -5177.527 | |||||||
Number of children | 3321 | 3321 | 3321 | 3321 | 3321 | 3321 | 3321 | |||||||
Number of clusters | 350 | 350 | 350 | 350 | 350 | 350 | 350 | |||||||
Random-effects parameters | ||||||||||||||
Between-individual variance (95 CI) | 1.749 (1.663–1.841) | 1.745 (1.659–1.836) | 1.740 (1.654–1.830) | 1.30 (1.232–1.363) | 1.285 (1.221–1.352) | 1.300 (1.236–1.367) | 1.281 (1.218–1.348) | |||||||
Between-cluster variance (95 CI) | 0.132 (0.089–0.196) | 0.095 (0.059–0.153) | 0.172 (0.124–0.239) | 0.054 (0.031–0.097) | 0.053 (0.030–0.097) | 0.0572 (0.033–0.099) | 0.052 (0.028–0.094) |
Notes: -Each model (except for models 3 and 6) was estimated twice; for the first estimation, economic status and maternal health-seeking behavior were included as continuous variables, all other variables remaining unchanged, and for the second estimation, the quintiles of these variables were included; the table reports coefficients on other variables for the second estimation. A dummy indicator for missing values was also included for each variable with missing values. CI denotes confidence interval.
-Statistical significance: *: P < 0.10; **: p < 0.05; ***: p < 0.001