Table 2.
Comparison of Daily Food Intake among Ulaanbaatar (Group A and B), Murun and Japanese Subjects.
| (g/day) | |||||||
| Ulaanbaatar | Murun | Japanese | |||||
| Group A n = 142 | Group B n = 114 | 1) | n = 164 | 2) | 3) | n = 7,164 | |
| Rice | 67.2 ± 50.4 | 50.5 ± 33.1 | ** | 68.1 ± 55.5 | *** | 369.4 ± 197.9 | |
| Rice | 57.1 ± 42.6 | 47.7 ± 30.9 | * | 66.1 ± 54.9 | *** | ||
| Millet | 3.4 ± 18.0 | 1.4 ± 4.8 | 0.0 ± 0.4 | * | *** | ||
| Buckwheat | 1.4 ± 3.6 | 0.6 ± 3.6 | 0.5 ± 2.2 | * | |||
| Farina | 5.3 ± 16.7 | 0.9 ± 4.2 | ** | 1.5 ± 6.3 | * | ||
| Flour products | 338.1 ± 140.0 | 308.9 ± 142.0 | 264.1 ± 117.5 | *** | ** | 102.9 ± 114.1 | |
| White bread | 102.7 ± 63.0 | 85.9 ± 61.0 | * | 69.3 ± 40.6 | *** | * | |
| Black bread | 12.2 ± 23.7 | 2.5 ± 6.7 | *** | 4.9 ± 11.8 | *** | * | |
| Barley flour | 2.5 ± 5.6 | 4.1 ± 8.6 | 2.3 ± 6.2 | ||||
| Black flour | 5.7 ± 24.7 | 14.8 ± 35.1 | * | 7.8 ± 27.7 | |||
| Other flour | 113.2 ± 72.5 | 100.9 ± 60.0 | 119.3 ± 86.3 | * | |||
| Noodle | 20.2 ± 27.3 | 8.9 ± 10.9 | *** | 19.6 ± 25.7 | *** | ||
| Biscuits | 23.4 ± 36.9 | 23.6 ± 34.4 | 27.8 ± 44.0 | ||||
| Fried cake | 37.7 ± 56.5 | 62.7 ± 77.3 | ** | 13.0 ± 31.3 | *** | *** | |
| Others | 19.5 ± 42.2 | 5.9 ± 16.5 | ** | 1.6 ± 7.8 | *** | * | |
| Potatoes | 94.9 ± 57.0 | 70.1 ± 50.0 | *** | 59.1 ± 43.1 | *** | 57.6 ± 70.7 | |
| Vegetables | 226.2 ± 184.3 | 108.1 ± 83.3 | *** | 72.2 ± 44.0 | *** | *** | 286.4 ± 170.9 |
| Carrot | 27.4 ± 21.8 | 15.7 ± 15.0 | *** | 14.3 ± 14.0 | *** | ||
| Turnip | 19.1 ± 22.8 | 13.2 ± 14.1 | * | 2.5 ± 7.5 | *** | *** | |
| Green onion | 13.8 ± 13.4 | 11.2 ± 6.9 | 22.7 ± 14.9 | *** | *** | ||
| Garlic | 1.0 ± 1.7 | 0.4 ± 1.1 | *** | 0.3 ± 0.7 | *** | ||
| Cucumber | 27.7 ± 39.2 | 6.0 ± 12.4 | *** | 4.9 ± 10.5 | *** | ||
| Tomato | 30.7 ± 45.4 | 8.5 ± 20.5 | *** | 2.8 ± 8.2 | *** | *** | |
| Sugar beet turnip | 4.6 ± 15.0 | 1.1 ± 3.6 | * | 0.0 ± 0.0 | *** | *** | |
| Spinach | 0.2 ± 0.8 | 0.1 ± 0.8 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | * | |||
| Lettuce | 1.8 ± 8.0 | 0.3 ± 1.6 | * | 0.0 ± 0.2 | ** | ||
| Pepper | 11.8 ± 25.6 | 2.0 ± 6.7 | *** | 0.4 ± 1.5 | *** | * | |
| Kelp | 0.7 ± 2.4 | 1.0 ± 9.4 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | ** | |||
| Cabbages | 57.5 ± 53.3 | 39.5 ± 38.5 | ** | 16.9 ± 20.4 | *** | *** | |
| Mixed salad | 24.5 ± 32.3 | 9.1 ± 14.7 | *** | 6.5 ± 9.8 | *** | ||
| Green vegetables | 1.3 ± 3.7 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | *** | 0.8 ± 4.0 | * | ||
| Other vegetables | 4.4 ± 18.0 | 0.1 ± 1.2 | * | 0.0 ± 0.0 | *** | ||
| Eggs | 15.5 ± 21.0 | 4.4 ± 7.8 | *** | 4.3 ± 8.4 | *** | 37.3 ± 37.1 | |
| Meat & Meat products | 193.9 ± 100.3 | 168.5 ± 79.1 | * | 122.7 ± 71.1 | *** | *** | 84.3 ± 73.1 |
| Mutton | 87.0 ± 59.0 | 87.9 ± 48.6 | 68.0 ± 59.2 | *** | *** | ||
| Beef | 3.1 ± 11.9 | 3.2 ± 8.7 | 22.5 ± 35.3 | *** | *** | ||
| Goat | 56.4 ± 51.6 | 47.2 ± 41.8 | 9.2 ± 24.2 | *** | *** | ||
| Chicken | 1.7 ± 4.9 | 0.6 ± 2.6 | * | 0.2 ± 1.1 | *** | ||
| Pork meat | 9.0 ± 21.4 | 1.4 ± 5.9 | *** | 0.0 ± 0.4 | *** | * | |
| Stomach | 5.5 ± 13.8 | 11.2 ± 25.3 | * | 5.3 ± 14.6 | * | ||
| horse | 3.5 ± 11.4 | 5.7 ± 12.1 | 11.6 ± 28.3 | *** | * | ||
| Camel | 0.3 ± 2.1 | 0.3 ± 1.4 | * | ||||
| Sausage, Ham | 27.1 ± 35.9 | 10.8 ± 17.1 | *** | 6.6 ± 14.9 | *** | * | |
| Others | 0.9 ± 5.4 | 0.2 ± 1.4a | 0.0 ± 0.2 | ||||
| Fish | 9.4 ± 18.2 | 4.6 ± 11.4 | * | 5.5 ± 15.6 | * | 90.9 ± 81.3 | |
| Fresh fish | 4.6 ± 15.5 | *** | *** | ||||
| Canned products | 4.1 ± 9.7 | 1.7 ± 8.6 | 0.8 ± 2.3 | *** | |||
| Others | 5.4 ± 14.5 | 3.3 ± 8.4 | 4.6 ± 15.5 | *** | *** | ||
| Milk & Dairy products | 280.0 ± 237.1 | 244.0 ± 208.7 | 430.1 ± 293.4 | *** | *** | 95.7 ± 131.2 | |
| Cow | 102.7 ± 132.8 | 121.8 ± 116.8 | 198.3 ± 212.5 | *** | *** | ||
| Dry milk | 0.3 ± 2.3 | 0.4 ± 1.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | *** | |||
| Others milks | 6.6 ± 26.2 | 2.6 ± 13.9 | 73.1 ± 152.5 | *** | *** | ||
| Cream thin layer | 8.9 ± 22.2 | 7.9 ± 30.3 | 8.6 ± 13.9 | ||||
| Liquid yogurt | 76.5 ± 82.2 | 51.6 ± 60.6 | ** | 119.1 ± 114.7 | *** | *** | |
| Cheese/Mongol/ | 3.7 ± 9.4 | 2.5 ± 5.5 | 2.6 ± 5.8 | ||||
| Others cheese | 2.2 ± 5.6 | 0.2 ± 0.7 | *** | 0.1 ± 0.3 | *** | ||
| Dried milk curds | 16.2 ± 34.6 | 10.2 ± 19.5 | 12.2 ± 17.3 | ||||
| Koumiss | 62.7 ± 131.0 | 47.7 ± 111.6 | 16.6 ± 43.1 | *** | *** | ||
| Others | 0.2 ± 1.1 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 20.4 | ||||
| Fruits | 152.5 ± 179.8 | 59.4 ± 86.1 | *** | 29.5 ± 71.0 | *** | *** | 101.4 ± 127.3 |
| Apple | 69.0 ± 81.1 | 34.5 ± 48.4 | *** | 22.0 ± 55.0 | *** | * | |
| Orange & Lemon | 7.3 ± 18.0 | 2.9 ± 14.1 | * | 0.7 ± 2.5 | *** | ||
| Grapes | 14.3 ± 33.5 | 6.0 ± 14.2 | * | 1.6 ± 6.4 | *** | *** | |
| Banana | 25.8 ± 50.1 | 6.5 ± 17.6 | *** | 0.4 ± 3.0 | *** | *** | |
| Other planted Fruits | 20.7 ± 57.9 | 3.7 ± 10.3 | ** | 2.4 ± 10.1 | *** | ||
| Wild fruit's | 15.9 ± 31.9 | 7.0 ± 15.6 | ** | 2.4 ± 16.2 | *** | * | |
| Fat | 28.0 ± 28.8 | 33.7 ± 32.0 | 31.1 ± 21.5 | 11.2 ± 9.8 | |||
| Butter | 10.0 ± 19.2 | 10.6 ± 21.9 | 12.4 ± 15.5 | ||||
| Vegetqable oil | 14.1 ± 15.5 | 13.7 ± 13.5 | 14.5 ± 12.0 | ||||
| Animal oil | 1.1 ± 3.3 | 5.0 ± 10.3 | *** | 4.1 ± 10.3 | *** | ||
| Melted butter | 2.8 ± 7.4 | 4.3 ± 10.0 | 0.8 ± 3.1 | *** | *** | ||
| Others/marmot | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 1.9 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | ||||
| Sweets | 17.1 ± 42.7 | 14.5 ± 26.7 | 14.7 ± 23.1 | 23.9 ± 47.6 | |||
| Chocolate | 9.0 ± 28.3 | 5.6 ± 12.3 | 4.5 ± 8.1 | ||||
| Others | 8.0 ± 27.2 | 9.0 ± 18.0 | 10.5 ± 18.0 | ||||
| Seasoning | 21.5 ± 17.5 | 18.9 ± 15.6 | 23.6 ± 16.9 | * | 103.7 ± 98.7 | ||
| Vinegar | 2.2 ± 3.8 | 1.3 ± 2.7 | * | 0.2 ± 1.0 | *** | *** | |
| Ketchup, Soy sauce | 3.8 ± 5.6 | 2.2 ± 4.0 | * | 2.1 ± 3.8 | *** | ||
| Sugar | 11.6 ± 15.7 | 9.6 ± 10.9 | 13.2 ± 14.9 | * | |||
| Salt | 3.2 ± 1.9 | 5.9 ± 9.9 | ** | 8.4 ± 4.3 | *** | * | |
| Others | 0.8 ± 1.7 | 0.1 ± 0.4 | *** | 0.2 ± 0.9 | *** | ||
| Soft & Alcohol drinks | 899.9 ± 406.0 | 827.0 ± 466.4 | 957.2 ± 519.2 | * | 684.3 ± 509.2 | ||
| Green tea | 329.7 ± 241.7 | 459.0 ± 337.3 | *** | 388.5 ± 233.7 | * | ||
| Black tea | 133.4 ± 161.4 | 37.7 ± 85.7 | *** | 82.8 ± 242.2 | * | * | |
| Coffee | 54.3 ± 82.7 | 23.0 ± 59.4 | *** | 9.4 ± 25.6 | ** | *** | |
| Soft drinks | 87.0 ± 136.3 | 78.9 ± 127.4 | 102.0 ± 126.7 | ||||
| Juice | 50.5 ± 85.4 | 18.5 ± 34.8 | *** | 8.8 ± 12.1 | *** | *** | |
| Vodka | 8.5 ± 17.4 | 9.7 ± 20.2 | 14.5 ± 19.4 | * | ** | ||
| Beer and vine | 31.7 ± 81.4 | 12.9 ± 30.4 | * | 5.4 ± 11.2 | ** | *** | |
| Milk tea | 203.7 ± 125.2 | 187.7 ± 245.2 | 329 ± 270.7 | *** | *** | ||
Ulaanbaatar: Investigation was performed in 2002.
Japanese: in The National Health and Nutrition Survay in Japan, 2003, reported by Ministsry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan (ages of the subjects : 20–69 yrs)
1) : significance between Group A and Group B, 2) : between Group A and Murun, 3) : between Group B and Murun. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** < p0.001.