Table 2.
Association between age, gender, social status, NEI-VFQ sub-scale scores and visual impairment
| Exposure | N (%) | Number with VA<6/12 (%) | OR VA<6/12 (95% CI) | Number with VA<6/18 (%) | OR VA<6/18 (95% CI) |
| Age (years) | |||||
| 75 to <80 | 310 (17) | 56 (18) | 1.00 | 17 (5) | 1.00 |
| 80 to 85 | 881 (49) | 226 (26) | 1.31 (0.93, 1.85) | 83 (9) | 1.68 (0.97, 2.93) |
| >85 | 594 (33) | 303 (51) | 4.44 (3.14, 6.29) | 143 (24) | 5.22 (3.05, 8.95) |
| Total | 1785 | 585 (33) | 243 (14) | ||
| P-value † | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 650 (36) | 174 (27) | 1.00 | 61 (8) | 1.00 |
| Female | 1135 (64) | 411 (36) | 1.31 (1.05, 1.65) | 182 (16) | 1.57 (1.13, 2.16) |
| Total | 1785 | 585 (33) | 243 (14) | ||
| P-value | 0.019 | 0.006 | |||
| Carstairs deprivation index | |||||
| High (privileged) | 388 (22) | 149 (38) | 1.00 | 61 (16) | 1.00 |
| Higher middle | 386 (22) | 140 (36) | 0.92 (0.65, 1.31) | 59 (15) | 1.05 (0.67, 1.64) |
| Lower middle | 389 (22) | 124 (32) | 0.68 (0.47, 1.00) | 57 (15) | 0.92 (0.56, 1.50) |
| Low (less privileged) | 403 (23) | 115 (29) | 0.69 (0.46, 1.04) | 40 (10) | 0.72 (0.41, 1.26) |
| Missing | 219 (12) | 57 (26) | 0.56 (0.37, 0.85) | 26 (12) | 0.79 (0.46, 1.36) |
| Total | 1785 | 585 (33) | 243 (14) | ||
| P-value † | 0.002 | 0.167 | |||
| General health | |||||
| No problems | 142 (8) | 41 (29) | 1.00 | 16 (11) | 1.00 |
| Few | 493 (28) | 129 (26) | 0.78 (0.50, 1.22) | 44 (9) | 0.68 (0.36, 1.29) |
| Moderate health | 614 (34) | 198 (32) | 1.03 (0.67, 1.59) | 91 (15) | 1.16 (0.64, 2.11) |
| Poor health | 534 (30) | 216 (40) | 1.43 (0.93, 2.22) | 91 (17) | 1.25 (0.68, 2.28) |
| Total | 1783 | 584 (33) | 242 (14) | ||
| P-value † | <0.001 | 0.018 | |||
| General vision | |||||
| No problems | 1206 (68) | 244 (20) | 1.00 | 50 (4) | 1.00 |
| Problems | 577 (32) | 339 (59) | 5.75 (4.53, 7.31) | 192 (33) | 11.0 (7.72, 15.5) |
| Total | 1783 | 583 (33) | 242 (14) | ||
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Ocular pain | |||||
| No problems | 982 (55) | 316 (32) | 1.00 | 120 (12) | 1.00 |
| Problems | 801 (45) | 267 (33) | 1.04 (0.83, 1.29) | 122 (15) | 1.22 (0.91, 1.64) |
| Total | 1783 | 583 (33) | 242 (14) | ||
| P-value | 0.751 | 0.176 | |||
| Near activities | |||||
| No problems | 838 (47) | 156 (19) | 1.00 | 27 (3) | 1.00 |
| Problems | 940 (53) | 422 (45) | 3.48 (2.75, 4.40) | 213 (23) | 8.35 (5.44, 12.8) |
| Total | 1778 | 540 (31) | 240 (14) | ||
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Distance activities | |||||
| No problems | 839 (50) | 185 (22) | 1.00 | 40 (5) | 1.00 |
| Problems | 856 (51) | 339 (40) | 2.11 (1.67, 2.66) | 178 (21) | 4.91 (3.37, 7.14) |
| Total | 1695 ‡ | 524 (31) | 218 (13) | ||
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Social function | |||||
| No problems | 1420 (80) | 357 (28) | 1.00 | 95 (7) | 1.00 |
| Problems | 355 (20) | 219 (62) | 4.71 (3.60, 6.16) | 145 (41) | 9.38 (6.81, 12.9) |
| Total | 1775 | 576 (32) | 240 (14) | ||
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Mental health | |||||
| No problems | 954 (54) | 218 (23) | 1.00 | 56 (6) | 1.00 |
| Problems | 829 (46) | 365 (44) | 2.54 (2.03, 3.17) | 186 (22) | 4.46 (3.20, 6.23) |
| Total | 1783 | 583 (33) | 242 (14) | ||
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Role difficulties | |||||
| No problems | 1058 (60) | 246 (23) | 1.00 | 52 (5) | 1.00 |
| Problems | 721 (41) | 33 (46) | 2.79 (2.23, 3.49) | 188 (26) | 6.77 (4.81, 9.55) |
| Total | 1779 | 579 (33) | 240 (13) | ||
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Dependency | |||||
| No problems | 1381 (78) | 335 (24) | 1.00 | 91 (7) | 1.00 |
| Problems | 400 (22) | 246 (64) | 4.80 (3.70, 6.24) | 150 (38) | 7.45 (5.44, 10.2) |
| Total | 1781 | 581 (33) | 241 (14) | ||
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Driving * | |||||
| No problems | 299 (55) | 29 (10) | 1.00 | 3 (1) | 1.00 |
| Problems | 246 (45) | 79 (32) | 4.63 (2.81, 7.62) | 38 (15) | 24.5 (6.57, 91.1) |
| Total | 545 | 108 (20) | 41 (8) | ||
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Colour vision | |||||
| No problems | 1578 (90) | 445 (28) | 1.00 | 146 (9) | 1.00 |
| Problems | 178 (10) | 121 (68) | 5.39 (3.74, 7.78) | 89 (38) | 9.86 (6.77, 14.3) |
| Total | 1756 | 566 (32) | 235 (13) | ||
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Peripheral vision | |||||
| No problems | 1300 (75) | 326 (25) | 1.00 | 94 (7) | 1.00 |
| Problems | 440 (25) | 227 (52) | 3.02 (2.37, 3.87) | 95 (24) | 5.03 (3.68, 6.87) |
| Total | 1740 | 553 (32) | 189 (11) | ||
| P-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Total VFQ score | |||||
| No problems | 442 (25) | 75 (17) | 1.00 | 12 (3) | 1.00 |
| Few problems | 447 (26) | 103 (23) | 1.45 (1.02, 2.07) | 21 (5) | 1.72 (0.82, 3.58) |
| Moderate vision | 456 (26) | 136 (30) | 2.01 (1.43, 2.83) | 41 (9) | 3.37 (1.72, 6.60) |
| Poor vision | 438 (25) | 269 (61) | 6.93 (4.93, 9.75) | 168 (38) | 19.5 (10.5, 36.5) |
| Total | 1783 | 583 (33) | 242 (14) | ||
| P-value † | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Odds ratios adjusted for age, gender, and general practice throughout (except for age which is adjusted for gender and practice, and gender which is adjusted for age and practice)
† Exposure variable treated as a score. ‡ Slightly lower number of respondents to this domain score, as participants responded that they had stopped going out to see films, plays, or sport events as they were not interested in doing this or due to non eyesight related reasons
*Odds ratios for VA<6/18 based on 463 as 4 practices did not have drivers with VA<6/18