TABLE 1.

Effects of opiates on immune functions in vivo and in vitro

Mode of adminis- tration and model	Immune functiona	Receptor involve- menta	Reference(s)
In vivo
Rodents	↓Phagocytosis	+	168, 191, 240
	↓Antibody production	+	32, 120, 172, 184
	↓Mitogen-stimulated proliferation	+	18, 19
	↓NK/CTL activity	+	18, 27, 207, 258
	↓Cytokine production	+	27, 125, 194
	↑Serum IL-6 levels	+	83, 84
	↑LPS-induced sepsis	NE	195
	↑IL-12	+	173
	↓DTH	+	31
Humans	↓Phagocytosis	NE	239
	↓NK activity	NE	265
	↓ADCC	NE	265
Monkeys	↓Chemotaxis	NE	121
	↓PMN killing	NE	121
Pigs	↓DTH	NE	148, 189
In vitro
Mice	↓Phagocytosis	+	191, 235
	↓Cell proliferation	+	18, 19, 203
	↓Induction of antibody	+	60, 72, 237
	↓Cytokine production	+	4, 22, 98, 238
Humans	↓Chemotaxis	+	71
	↓Superoxide	NE	176
	↓↑Cytokine production	+	38, 39, 179
	↓↑Chemokine production	+	237, 259
	↑Phagotocytosis	+	178

^a↑, increase; ↓, decrease; NE, not examined; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; DTH, delayed-type hypersensitivity; ADCC, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocyte.