TABLE 3.

Effects of THC and other cannabinoids on immune functions in vivo and in vitro

Mode of administration and model	Immune functiona	Reference(s)
In vivo
Humans	↓Lymphoproliferation	154
	↓Antimicrobial activity	14
	↓Cytokine production	14
Mice	↓↑Serum Ig levels	155
	↓Cellular immunity	112, 163, 214
	↓Antimicrobial activity	8, 34, 147, 222
	↓Humoral immunity	10, 102, 198
	↑Apoptosis	140
	↓↑Cell signaling	50, 241
In vitro
Humans	↓Lymphocyte proliferation	153, 221
	↓NK cell activity	219, 220
	↓Neutrophil antifungal activity	55
	↑↓Cytokine production	223, 255
Mice	↓Lymphocyte proliferation	113, 140, 181, 182
	↓NK cell activity	104, 110, 133
	↓Antibody formation	9, 107
	↓↑IL-2 system receptors	46, 79, 270, 271
	↓↑Cytokine production	14, 108, 162
	↑Apoptosis	140, 269
	↓↑Cell signaling	46, 62, 79

^a↑, increase; ↓, decrease; ↑↓, both increase and decrease.