TABLE 5.

Effects of cocaine on immune functions

Mode of administration	Immune functiona	Reference(s)
In vivo
Humans	↓Antimicrobial activity	14
	↑↓Cytokine production	14
Rodents	↓Lymphoproliferation	20, 21, 171
	↓Antibody formation	166, 253
	↓DTH	253
	↓↑Humoral immunity	11
	↑↓Cytokine production	250
In vitro
Humans	↑HIV replication	12, 177
	↓Lymphocyte proliferation	23, 49, 109
	↓Cytokine production	131, 132
Rodents	↓Cytokine production	250, 254, 262
	↓Lymphocyte proliferation	262
	↓NK activity	262

^a↑, increase; ↓, decrease; ↑↓, both increase and decrease; DTH, delayed-type hypersensitivity.