TABLE 7.

Effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke on host resistance mechanisms in vivo and in vitro

Mode of administration	Immune functiona	Reference(s)
In vivo
Rats	↓Antibody-forming cells	66, 67
	↓Intracellular Ca2+ stores	101
	↓Lymphocyte proliferation	218
	↑T-cell anergy	67, 218
	↓Antimicrobial activity	217
In vitro
Humans	↓NK activity	156
	↓Cytokine production	167
Mice	↓Splenocyte proliferation	74, 75
	↓↑Cytokine production	74, 75, 136
	↓Antimicrobial activity	136

^a↑, increase; ↓, decrease; ↑↓, both increase and decrease.