Table 1.
Demographic features and risk factors associated with seroprevalence of Hepatitis B in children
| Hepatitis B virus | ||||
| Risk Factor | Positive n (%) | Negative n (%) | Odds Ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI) | P value |
| Therapeutic Injections | ||||
| Yes | 45 (69.2) | 1766 (50.9) | ||
| No | 20 (30.8) | 1702 (49.1) | 2.2 (1.3 – 3.6) | 0.003 |
| Use of new needle & and syringe | ||||
| Yes | 44 (67.7) | 1694 (48.8) | ||
| No | 21 (32.3) | 1774 (51.2) | 2.2 (1.3 – 3.7) | 0.003 |
| No: of Injections in the last year | ||||
| <2 injections | 4 (12.5) | 371 (28.2) | Reference | |
| 2–5 injections | 13 (40.7) | 462 (35.2) | 2.6 (0.8 – 8.1) | |
| >5 injections | 15 (46.8) | 481 (36.6) | 2.9 (1.0 – 852) | 0.140 |
| Received Blood Transfusion | ||||
| Yes | 1 (1.5) | 51 (1.5) | ||
| No | 64 (98.5) | 3417 (98.5) | 1.0 (0.1 – 7.7) | 0.964 |
| Hospitalized | ||||
| Yes | 16 (24.6) | 590 (17) | ||
| No | 49 (75.4) | 2878(83) | 1.6 (0.9 – 12.8) | 0.107 |
| Family member died of Liver disease | ||||
| Yes | 7(10.8) | 361 (10.4) | ||
| No | 58 (89.2) | 3107 (89.6) | 1.0 (0.5 – 2.3) | 0.925 |
| Diagnosis in Family member | ||||
| HCV | 1 (14.3) | 12 (3.2) | ||
| HBV | 1 (14.3) | 36 (10) | - | |
| Jaundice | 5 (71.4) | 306 (84.8) | ||
| Liver disease | 0 | 7 (2) | 0.433 | |
| Sharing of various items with infected person | ||||
| Yes | 4 (57.1) | 110 (31) | ||
| No | 3 (42.9) | 244 (69) | 3.0 (0.7 – 13.4) | 0.147 |
| Previous Immunization | ||||
| Vaccinated | 54 (83) | 3001(86.5) | ||
| Non-Vaccinated | 11 (7) | 467 (13.5) | 1.3 (0.7 – 2.5) | 0.419 |
| Place vaccinated | ||||
| Private Sector | 7 (10.8) | 1030 (29.7) | Reference | |
| Govt. Sector | 46 (70.7) | 1974 (57) | 3.4 (1.5 – 7.6) | |
| None | 12 (18.5) | 464 (13.3) | 3.8 (1.5 – 9.7) | 0.022 |
| Visit to Barber Shop | ||||
| Yes | 47 (72.3) | 2814 (81.1) | ||
| No | 18 (27.7) | 654 (18.9) | 0.6 (0.4 – 1.1) | 0.072 |
| Received cuts at Barber Shop | ||||
| Yes | 11 (23.4) | 686 (24.4) | ||
| No | 36 (76.6) | 2128 (75.6) | 0.9 (0.5 – 1.9) | 0.877 |
| Child's ear/nose pierced | ||||
| Yes | 22 (33.8) | 1293 (37.3) | ||
| No | 43 (66.2) | 2175 (62.7) | 0.9 (0.5 – 1.4) | 0.570 |
| Dental treatment | ||||
| Yes | 0 | 107 (3) | ||
| No | 65 (100) | 3361 (97) | - | 0.150 |
| Father education status | ||||
| Educated | 34 (52.3) | 2300 (66.3) | ||
| Non-Educated | 31 (47.7) | 1168 (33.7) | 1.8 (1.1 – 2.9) | 0.018 |
| Mother education status | ||||
| Educated | 25 (38.5) | 1964 (56.6) | ||
| Non-Educated | 40 (61.5) | 1504 (43.4) | 2.1 (1.3 – 3.5) | 0.003 |
| Ethnic Origin | ||||
| Sindhi | 1 (1.5) | 86 (2.5) | Reference | |
| Balochi | 12 (18.5) | 133 (3.9) | 7.8 (1.0 – 60.8) | |
| Punjabi | 10 (15.4) | 996 (28.8) | 0.9 (0.1 – 6.8) | < 0.001 |
| Pathan | 4 (6.2) | 179 (5) | 1.9 (0.2 – 17.5) | |
| Mohajirs | 19 (29.2) | 1796 (51.8) | 0.9 (0.1 – 6.9) | |
| Others | 19 (29.2) | 278 (8) | 5.3 (0.7 – 40.1) | |
| Age Group (years) | ||||
| ≤ 5 years | 17 (26.2) | 915 (26.4) | Reference | |
| 6 – 9 years | 14 (21.5) | 931 (26.8) | 0.8 (0.4 – 1.7) | |
| 10 – 13 years | 16 (24.6) | 934 (27) | 0.9 (0.5 – 1.8) | |
| > 13 years | 18 (27.7) | 688 (19.8) | 1.4 (0.7 – 2.8) | 0.428 |
| Gender | ||||
| Boys | 38 (58.5) | 1788 (51.6) | ||
| Girls | 27 (41.5) | 1680 (48.4) | 1.3 (0.8 – 2.2) | 0.270 |